Ch 1- 5 Test 3

1. Atlantic Trade/South Atlantic System (triangle Trade)

• The slave trade gave the slaves for the south Atlantic system • (Look at the map in Henretta) • Rum and Guns, manufactured goods

1. Effects of Seven Years' War, an end to Salutary Neglect. Proclamation Line of 1763.

1. King George III deployed 10,000 British regulators to North America after the French Indian War because they feared a rebellion from the 60,000 French residents in Canada. They were also afraid of the Native Americans (especially after the Pontiac Rebellion). They wanted to deter the white people from defying the Proclamation of 1763. Finally, they were afraid about the colonist's loyalty. proclamation line: The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, which forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.

1. Salem Witch Trials and the general religious fanaticism of the Puritans

1647-1662: civil authorities in New England hung 14 people for witchcraft, mostly older women o Most dramatic episode of witch-hunting occurred in Salem in 1692 o Several accused neighbors of bewitching them girls after they had experienced strange seizures o Massachusetts Bay authorities tried 175 people and executed 19 § 18 of the 19 were women ♣ Results: o The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 resulted in government officials now discouraging legal prosecutions for witchcraft because of the abundant amount of deaths. o Many people embraced the outlook of the European Enlightenment. ♣ This caused people to promote a rational and new scientific way to view things. ♣ Educated men and women explained strange happenings and sudden deaths due to science, not witchcraft

Revolutionary ideology and its evolution over time/movement towards revolution

1763-1776 proved fatal for the British as loyalty destabilized while Britain abandoned salutary neglect and tightened their control over the colonies o Tightened control and restrictive reforms frustrated the colonists (vice-admiralty, tax acts) o Refused to accept changes to their governing structures Accustomed self-government and despised the tight control of the British crown o Colonists were unable to revolt successfully as their militancy was weak compared to Britain's Could fight successfully for independence when military grew stronger Enlightenment also influenced colonial thought about resistance o Provided Patriot movement with rationale and intellectual backing o Patriots were heavily influenced by the ideas of John Locke o Drew on ideas of Montesquieu supported a "separation of powers" among government departments to prevent arbitrary rule o Publicized these ideas/arguments in newspapers and pamphlets o Transformed their impromptu riots, tax protests, and boycotts into a serious political force Economic vs. ideological motives in creating and sustaining the colonial resistance movement o Economic pushed them to act because they viewed the taxes and unfair o Ideological (more important) focused on how the British were violating their natural rights rather than how they were being taxed unfairly Also motivated by desires to maintain self-government and maintain the power of their colonial assemblies, so they would be taxed and treated more fairly

1. Impact of Enlightenment in the British colonies- Franklin and Deism.

Benjamin Franklin: • Benjamin franklin is a good example of a person in the enlightenment because he learned information from reading books and started a newspaper. He was a deist that relied on moral sense. • Benjamin Franklin had the club of mutual improvement (Junto). He made a club that met to discuss morals, politics and natural philosophy. He questioned the morality of slavery because he was a deist. Deism: • They thought a supreme being created the world and gave people their natural laws but they thought that this supreme being would not intervene in life. God was hands off. Made the clock but then let it function on its own. Made people think about their own sense of right and wrong and led Benjamin Franklin to question slavery. People were questioning things. Other: • The great awakening is a backlash of Deism and the enlightenment. It was a product of people moving away from God. People in the Great Awakening say that he shapes your life every day. Modernism vs. Traditionalism: Deism vs. the great awakening

1. Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams.

Both were from Rhode Island Roger Williams: ♣ Went to Boston in 1631 as a Puritan minister ♣ He believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority ♣ He was in conflict with other Puritan leaders because of what he taught ♣ He was baished from the bay colony because of this ♣ He and a few followers founded the settlement of Providencei n 1636 ♣ The new colony was unique because: o It recofnized the rights of American Indians and paid them for the use of their land o Their govenrmnt allowed Catholics, Quakers an Jewst o worship freely ♣ He also founded one of the first Baptist churches in America Anne Hutchinson: ♣ Also questioned the doctrines of the Puritan authorities ♣ She believed in antinomianism (this was the idea that fathom alone, not deeds is necessary for salvation) ♣ She was banished from the Bay colony and a group of followers founded the colony of Portsmouth, not far from Providence ♣ She later migrated to Long Island and was killed in an American Indian uprising ♣ She was a religious dissident and would hold town meetings with womejn o Puritians didn't like this because women were inferior, she was banished ♣ Settled into the area of Rhode Island Later in 1644 Roger Williams was granted a charter from Parliament that joined Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony.

1. Boycotts and the role of women as well.

Boycotts o Used as a response to: Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Coercive Acts o Colonists decided to defy British authority through active resistance during Stamp Act Congress Showed resentment towards tyrannical rule by boycotting British goods o Colonists created declaration of rights and imposed a boycott of trade with British during the Continental Congress o Boycotts were the most successful in getting acts repealed o Sons of Boston used violence and intimidation to uphold boycotts o Two different methods of boycotting: nonimportation and homespun Role of women o Nonimportation movement Colonists' response to Townshend Acts Discouraged the use/purchase of imported British goods and promoted domestic manufactures o American women were crucial to this movement Reduced their household's consumption of imported goods and produced homespun cloth o Other examples of promoting domestic goods: "Daughters of Liberty" drank rye coffee and dined on bear venison Other women's groups provided spun flax and wool to the needy o Their forms of rebellion reflected their concern for the well-being of their communities o Important because this involved women in public affairs

1. Mestizos and the Caste System

Caste System: • The Spanish got obsessed with making a Caste System after they mixed race • Top- Full Spanish • Second class- mestizo • Third class- mulatto (Spanish, white and African parents) • At the bottom: el lobo (Native and African parents) • Just African or just native- below everything else Mestizos: • They were the mixed Spanish and native American population • The men came to America and didn't bring women so they got with the Pueblo women and created the bicultural mestizo population.

1. Columbus' "discovery." Cortes in Mexico and Pizarro in the Incan empire.

Columbus: • Yes, it is correct to say that Christopher Columbus never realized what he "discovered" because he thought that he reached Asia, when in reality he just reached Hispaniola. • His successes were undervalued during his lifetime because he was never able to bring back the gold and treasures that he promised were in America. • People funded for him to go back three times, and he colonized the West Indies with more than 1,000 Spanish settlers but he never found the treasures nor kingdoms that people were expecting. • Columbus goes to find India, he finds Hispaniola. He brings a native American back and brings it to the King and Queen. We go up to Mexico and we take out their tribes. They defeat them because of diseases and guns. • When Columbus settled he was happy the natives would be easily converted to Christianity Cortes in Mexico: • Example of a conquistador • conquered the aztecs Goal: obtain noble titles, vast estates, and Indian laborers o Set out with 600 men in hopes of conquering Mexico o Gathered allies among natives, marched on Tenochtitlan, and challenged its ruler Pizarro in the Incan empire: Pizarro to easily and quickly seize the empire o Pizarro killed Atahualpa, the last Inca emperor, and seized his wealth o Conquest was complete within 3 years • Incas

1. Compare and contrast the overall different methods of colonization for the Spanish, French, English, and Dutch.

Differences between French and Spanish ♣ French came for fur, Spanish came for God, Glory and Gold ♣ French had a kinder system of forced labor ♣ The French faced the Algonquians and the Iroquoians and the Spanish faced the Pueblos ♣ French treated native Americans better when converting them ♣ French government was less invested in colonization than the Spanish government who supported the voyages. Similarities: ♣ Both confronted Native Americans ♣ Had policies of forced labor ♣ Dutch came for fur

1. Dominion of New England, what happens when the British attempt to control the colonists? What are the results of the Glorious Revolution? Enlightenment influence.

Dominion of New England: ♣ They created the Dominion of New England because England wanted to connect them all and make it easier to control them and not give them as many opportunities to be individualistic. ♣ The colonists responded to this dominion of new England by getting really upset because their town meetings and rights were taken away. ♣ This occurs after the glorious revolution ♣ It was the British realizing they needed to put more contollover the colonies ♣ They consolidate all of the new England colonies into one ♣ They suspend town meetings and take ways their representatvice form of government and put one big governemor over the whole region ♣ They try this, the coloinsts get upset and there are a bunch of rebellions a. (know Lislers rebellion, this is directly at the governor Andros) ♣ the dominion of new England fails, the colonists are very resistant ♣ after the glorious revolution and William and mary are put into peor, they relax control over the coloines and after this not all of the coloines are Royal ♣ there is a rise of assemblies after this Glorious Revolution: ♣ James is overthrown, William and Mary is put into royalty. ♣ They chill off on the colonies. ♣ England is making so much money that they don't want to upset them and just leave them alone. ♣ This is called salutary neglect- this meant that the colonies were entering a phase when the English was entering a period of Salutary neglect. ♣ The colonies loved to be ignored. ♣ Each generation they are going to slowly move away from England's ideals and form their own and eventually start to demand more and more freedom and leads to them ignoring the navigation acts. Results of the Glorious Revolution: ♣ The results of the Glorious Revolutions in America was lots of rebellions by Protestants and colonists in Massachusetts, Maryland and New York.

1. Compare and contrast the different ways in which the natives were treated by the various European settlers.

Dutch ♣ Treated them poorly because of the way they attacked the Alguoiquen tribe New England: ♣ Jesuits treated them respectfully and peacefully Chesapeake: ♣ Treatment varied because in Virginia Pilgrims treated them nicely, but (English) settlers (who had no pilgrim association) treated the violently ♣ Treated poorly Violently by killing them off French: • Treated them better than anyone else • Especially when converting them • Tried to respect their values instead of violently converting them • They were treated more humanely English: • they were cruel to them until the proclamation line Spanish: • They were treated horribly by the friars who tried to force them to convert • Friars would set up missions and would attack the Native Americans culture and society to try to get them to convert to Catholicism. • Native Americans who still practiced polygamy were whipped by the Friars, had their idols smashed and were punished if they worshiped traditional Gods. • They were encouraged to cook, talk, and dress like Spanish people. • They ignored the laws protecting the Native Americans and had them do a lot of the farming which supported the mission. • Attacked the pueblo people and controlled them

Religious and ethnic diversity over the 18th century- Newman chapter

Ethnic diversity o European and African population increased from 250,000 to 2,500,000 from 1701-1775 o Population of African Americans increased from 28,000 to 500,000 from 1701-1775 § 1775: African Americans (slave and free) made up 20% of the colonial population o English settlers migrated to America, but immigration remained low due to less problems at home o German immigrants made up 6% of the colonial population by 1775 § Settled in Pennsylvania § Maintained traditional German customs, languages, and religions § Remained obedient to colonial laws, but were not largely involved in English politics. 1775, they made up 6% of the colonial population. o Scotch-Irish immigrants up 7% of the colonial population. § Settled along Pennsylvania, Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia o French Protestants (Huguenots), the Dutch, and the Swedes made up constituted 5% of the colonial population by 1775 Religious diversity o Religious diversity increased as immigration to the colonies increased o Governments began to reduce their support of churches

1. French settlements in Canada and the Great Lakes, as well as the Dutch in New York.

French: • French settled in the Great Lakes Area, northern America and Canada • Majority of them were lower class • Fur motivated them, • However, many in France viewed new France as undesirable as oppressive and strict • It also included a feudal system run by the church (new France, colony) • In France they made it hard to leave • (find beaver fur, went looking for gold, in the great lakes) o they know to get access to the bevier Dutch in New York: ♣ Created fort orange (Albany) to have a fur trade with the Iroquois Indians ♣ Dutch= strongest European nation o Had banking, shipbuilding, industries, commerce, etc. ♣ To extend their colony they used their Dutch west Indian company ♣ Claimed new Netherlands and new Amsterdam ♣ However, the colony didn't prosper because they had a small population and many of the Dutch people wanted resources from southeast Asia rather than the ones in America. ♣ However, fur trade was a success in the Dutch colony but this resulted in a poor treatment of native Americans ♣ English invaded the Dutch Colony (this is when they gained control of it and renamed it New York) ♣ Attacked the Algonquian (took farmland and controlled trade, they eventually retaliated and killed hundreds of Dutch people)

1. Human and Environmental Impact of the Fur Trade

Human • Iroquois Indians killed thousands of Indians while on the search for fur pelts • The French fur trade killed the Indians through diseases that were through the fur (the blankets that they brought and stuff) • New Netherlands in particular (Dutch) thrived by trading fur o They traded with the Iroquois corn and wampum (Dutch traded for the fur) o Them trading stuff resulted in a violent Indian war (prob cuz trading becomes tenses) ♣ They also start trading guns for fur Environment: • Exploited American land and native people to gain furs, their determination to obtain fur pelts with any means resulted in the destruction of Americas environment and wildlife

1. The general characteristics of colonial America. Government! What kind?

In colonial governments governors acted as chief executive while separate legislatures voted for or against the governor's proposed laws · Governors were elected in different ways throughout the colonies o Eight colonies à king appointed the governors o Three proprietary colonies à proprietors appointed the governors o Connecticut and Rhode Island à colonists appointed the governors · Each colony had a legislature with two houses o Eight colonies à voters elected members of lower house, which voted to adopt/reject new taxes o Royal and proprietary colonies à king or proprietor elected the upper house o Connecticut and Rhode Island à the two houses were elected by the colonists · New England à colonists were self-governing and held town meetings, where the colonists met, usually in a church, and voted on public issues · Southern colonies à law-enforcing sheriff and other officials led the local government · Issues: o Political systems were more elitist than democratic § Voting was limited to white male property owners and excluded white women, poor white men, slaves, and most free blacks § 18th century à some voting limitations were beginning to be removed § Massachusetts and other colonies removed religious restrictions but all voters were required to own at least a small amount of property o Extent to which colonial assemblies and governors' councils represented the common people § Virginia à House of Burgesses members were mainly wealthy landowners § Massachusetts à legislature was more open to small farmers, but educated and property owning elite remained most powerful § Common people were accustomed to deferring to their betters and depending on them to make their political decisions § Although the political system was mainly limited to white males and the elite, colonies were more democratic/self-governing than other countries

1. John Locke and the Enlightenment

John Locke: • John Locke: he believed that the government was in charge but they had to listen to the natural human laws that people had. • The government was supposed to represent the people and if they weren't properly representing them then we could overthrow them. • He influenced our natural rights (America): life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness • He created the two Treatises of government which said that people were to preserve their natural rights to life, liberty and property. • Enlightenment: • The Enlightenment came (an era of rationalism and reason). People lost sight of religion and the sermons were relaxed. • The Enlightenment was a rational movement of rationality vs. religion.

1. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. The vast results of the Great Awakening.

Johnathan Edwards: • Johnathan Edwards: "Sinners in the hands of an angry God" was the name of his sermons. • The Baptists would go out and talk to random people in random places and say that they were going to hell if they didn't do that. • The Great Awakening was a huge movement of religious feelings of numerous people. One leader was Johnathan Edwards. He was from Massachusetts and he would spread the ideas of the Great Awakening through his sermons. He said that God was mad at our human sins. George Whitefield: • George Whitefield from England and he spread it throughout the colonies and would talk to maybe 10,000 people in barns, tents and fields. He said god was all-powerful and would save those who openly expressed their love for Jesus Results of the Great Awakening: • The impact the Great Awakening had on politics was that it created a more democratic way to view things. • If people didn't need to rely on ministers anymore then they thought, they could make their own political decisions as well without landowners and merchants. • It says they no longer have to listen to the king • Religious impact: casued divisions within the churches, ministers lost their authority beuase people studied the bible in their own homes, and also caused a call for the seperaiton of church and state

1. Loyalists and Neutrals

Loyalists: • They opposed the Patriots because they were worried that their resistance would undermine all political institutions and create Anarchy and chaos. They were especially afraid when The Sons of Liberty used violence in the boycotts Neutralists: • Quakers and Germans also just stayed out of the mess. They resisted conscription and violence because of their religion. They were called neutrals because they didn't get involved with either side. Both of them wanted to preserve their family's property and independence.

Middle Passage - movement of Africans to all parts of the Americas

Middle Passage: ♣ The people look like they're packed like sardines. ♣ There is no way that all of them could've survived. ♣ 14% of them died. ♣ If one got sick, all of them got sick because they were so close together. ♣ They weren't fed a lot. ♣ It shows how colonies were so focused on making profit that the ignored morals and humanity as a whole. ♣ A European doctor went on the ship and said he almost fainted from the heat, this shows how bad the conditions were on the ships. ♣ Some of the slaves jumped overboard because they would rather have drowned then stay on the ship.

1. Character of each region of colonies - review the map and chart handout and the chapter 3 Newman reading.

New England Colonies o Economy § Fertile valleys, forests, and sea supplied resources for a mixed economy of farming, lumbering, fishing, shipbuilding, rum-distilling, and trade § Farming was not as prominent due to rocky soil and long winters · Limited and provided just enough for one farm family · Farms were small (100 acres) compared other regions · Those who worked on the farm included family members and sometimes hired laborers o Massachusetts § Founded in 1620 by English Puritans seeking religious freedom (included Plymouth) § Mayflower Compact (1620) - first written framework for self-government in N America o New Hampshire § Settled in 1623 by English fishermen and farmers § Town meetings - served as training grounds for democratic self-government o Connecticut § Founded in 1636 by Puritan colonists from Massachusetts § Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1638) - first written constitution in the colonies o Rhode Island § Founded in 1636 by Roger Williams as a safe haven for all faiths § Charter of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (1663) - gave religious freedom to people of all faiths Middle Colonies o Economy § Rich soil provided the foundation for an economy based on farming and livestock raising while trade was important to port cities such as Philadelphia and New York § Farming was more prominent because the rich soil produced an abundance of wheat and corn § Farms were larger (200 acres) and workers included family members, indentured servants, and hired laborers § Trading was also a big part led to the growth of port cities § Major industry: iron-making o New Jersey § First settled by Dutch colonists around 1630 § Religious diversity - showed that a colony could thrive with many religious sects o New York § Founded in 1625 by Dutch colonists as New Amsterdam § Zenger trial (1735) - established the right of freedom of the press in the colonies o Delaware § Founded in 1638 by Swedish colonists as New Sweden § Ethnic diversity - showed that peoples from many ethnic groups could live as equals o Pennsylvania § Founded in 1682 by William Penn as a haven for English Quakers § Resolutions of the Germantown Mennonites (1688) - first public protest against slavery in the colonies Southern Colonies o Economy § Warm, wet climate made the region ideal for growing cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo) § Agriculture varied due to the diverse geography and climate § Some areas had small subsistence family farms with no slaves while few had large self-sufficient plantations that relied heavily on slave labor § The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies mainly produced tobacco, the Carolinas produced timber and had naval stores, and South Carolina and Georgia mainly produced rice and indigo § Many of these plantations were located on rivers so exports were shipped directly to Europe o Virginia § Founded in 1607 by English colonies seeking economic opportunity § Ordinance for Virginia (1619) - created the House of Burgesses, the first colonial legislative body o Maryland § Founded in 1634 by English colonists as a haven for Catholics § Act of Religious Toleration (1649) - first colonial act allowing religious freedom for Christians o North and South Carolina § Founded in 1663 by eight English proprietors; became two separate colonies in 1729 § Revolt of 1719 - an uprising against the rule of proprietors, leading to self-government in South Carolina o Georgia § Founded in 1732 by James Edward Oglethorpe as a haven for debtors and the poor § Georgia Charter (1732) - created opportunity for English debtors and prisoners to start new lives in Georgia Similarities o All agricultural based o Economies were reliant on farms and plantations and the goods they produced

1. English settlement in both the Chesapeake and New England. Be able to characterize and discuss the differences in these regions. Plantations vs. YEOMAN'S.

New England v. Chesapeake: • The New England colonies differed from the Chesapeake colonies as a society because in the Chesapeake colonies they were ruled by a democracy and the New England colonies were ruled by the king back in England. They were more focused on one ruler as well, less of a democracy. • Lacked freshwater • Maryland and Virginia= Chesapeake • New England: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire Yeoman: • There was widespread ownership of land and they vowed to live close together in self-governing communities. • A yeoman society gives much more power to farmers than other people. All families got land and there were town meetings where most adult men would vote and this was their main form of government. • They farmed for hunger and survival • They grew their crops to survive not to sell • Self sustaining • Farmed for survival and farmed for their families Plantations: • Plantations made crops for trade and profit but the Yeomans didn't • Used indentured servants

(not in study guide) other great awakening notes:

Other Great Awakening Notes: Why does the great awakening happen when it happens? People were less into the puritan religion. People moved away from England and so the puritan religion and so the leaders wanted. People were getting educated more and read the bible more. The diversity of the colonies had different religious background so then people saw the opportunities of other religions. There was a religious awakening happening in Germany and the German immigrants notice the lack of fervor in the religious ceremonies, they thought the sermons were ridiculous. They brought the idea that you needed to go back to religion. The Enlightenment came (an era of rationalism and reason). People lost sight of religion and the sermons were relaxed. Every great awakening is the same thing. Continuity: the preachers go really emotional and everybody is struck with the power of god and emphasized how scary God is and talks about repenting. Affects a big area and have a big impact on political societies. Methodist and Baptists churches get stronger every time. The preachers were saying that you needed to be devout and pious on your own. The key thing was that you could achieve salvation on their own. Push and pull factors with immigration. So many Germans came till 1779 was because of land and job opportunities in Germany there was an automatic draft for all males and there was religious freedom in America.

1. Pueblo Revolt/Pope's revolt

Pueblo people: • They live in the desert and yet they were an agriculture tribe • They developed an irrigation system from the Colorado river • They developed villages and towns because they created an irrigation system which gave them agriculture (didn't move around a lot) Shaman Popé revolt: • Pope was a member of the Pueblo people, Him and his followers killed 400 Spaniards. • They then relocated to Texas, and then 10 years later the Spanish came back and defeated them. • They tried to lead another rebellion, they got crushed again. • Led to the compromised of 1696. • He wanted to go back to their original culture' • He was a native American who planned a rebellion against the Spanish colonist • He succeeded • He forced 400 Spaniards and 1500 colonists to flee to El Paso which was 300 miles away (north?) • Destroying anything involved with Christianity and restoring their original beliefs • Burned everything the Spaniards were farming and replaced it with their traditional crops and • The Spanish then came back and reestablished control over the pueblo people • The pueblo people tried to fight back, but Spanish said no. Then they compromised. • The result was the compromise of 1696 and this said that if they gave you less work then they will learn how to speech Spanish and protect them from someone and accepted a patrilineal tie system • The effects of the attacks of the Spanish: killed the pueblos by disease and weapons • The pueblo people declined from 60,000 to 17,000

1. Metacom's Rebellion

Rebellion and fighting o Metacom à Wampanoag leader § Didn't think coexistence between Europeans and Natives would work § Concluded that the Europeans had to be expelled o 1675 - forged a military alliance with the Narragansets and Nipmucks and attacked white settlements throughout New England o Burned houses, took cattle, killed men, women, and children, and carried others captive o Fighting continued until 1676 as Indians exploited their vast control of land and rivers § Did not end until Indian warriors ran short of gunpowder and the Massachusetts Bay government hired Mohegan and Mohawk warriors to kill Metacom · Results: o Native Americans § Suffered from famine, disease, death in battle, and were sold into slavery § 4,500 more Native Americans died, one-quarter of their already low population § Surviving Indians migrated to the backcountry, intermarried with Algonquian peoples, and allied with the French o English § 1/5 of their towns in Massachusetts and Rhode Island were destroyed § 1,000 of their settlers were killed § Theme: white settlers move west, come into contact with natives, natives fight back, Native Americans are put on reservations

1. The Spanish conquest of the Americas and the resulting systems they put into place: encomienda System, Spanish Friars, etc. Religion as a justification

Spanish conquest: • The government supported the colonization of New Spain. Conquistadors (people who conquered land). Very invested in America, wanted gold, silver, land, and take over Native Americans. • God, gold, glory. • Glory- competition. • God- (made missions) they treated the Native Americans badly in the name of God. They would whip them if they caught them worshiping other things, break their idols, sell them to slavery etc. They were not only taking their land away, but also taking their cultures away. • Francisco Friars • Brought soldiers with them to take over. More invested, cruel etc. • Initial labor was the Indians Encomienda System: • Encomienda system: plantations, slave labor • Not necessarily crop plantation, also could mean mining for gold and silver Spanish Friars: • The friars urged Spanish leaders to allow them to Christianize the Native Americans. • After The Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries (1573) it placed the power of pacification into the hands of the missionaries, not the conquistadors. • Friars started to set up missions in Florida and Nuevo Mexico. • The friars would learn their language but they would also attack the Native American's cultures violently. • Native Americans who still practiced polygamy were whipped by the Friars, had their idols smashed and were punished if they worshiped traditional Gods. • They were encouraged to cook, talk, and dress like Spanish people. • Friars ignored the laws protecting the Native Americans and had them do a lot of the farming which supported the missions. • Started with the building of missions in order to convert Indians • Whipped them, destroyed idols etc. • Duties of conversion went along with the duties of forced labor • The friars began to act just like the Spanish • Ignored any laws that protected the Indians • Wet-heads: another name for being baptized • Small extent of converting native Americans Religion: • Native Americans began to try to convert in the beginning because they wanted to learn the secrets of Christianity but when they noticed that their communities were not being protected despite the prayers and faithfulness to the church they went back to their old religion. • They called them "wet-heads" because they were baptized Christians and "because with the water of baptism they would have to die" • Wet-heads: another name for being baptized

1. Tribalization and the role of Native American alliances.

Tribalization ♣ This was when they changed and combined tribes. ♣ Disease killed all of them, so they would have combined tribes so that they were big enough. ♣ They knew that they were weak if they weren't all together. ♣ Many of the old and young were killed, the old were a source of knowledge and the young were their future, so it was really hard for them to grow. ♣ Even if they were a different tribe, if they spoke the same language they became a part of the same tribe. The Native Americans didn't take part in the war, but they were allies with both (English and French, not sure what war) so whoever won they could say that they were allies with them and they would benefit from it.

1. Compare and contrast native societies pre-1492 with old world European societies.

Western European Society o Form of rule = monarchies or republics o Social class § Upper = kings and princes § Middle = nobles and knights · Nobles owned large pieces of land and had peasants work on them § Lower = peasants · Largest percentage of migrants to the Americas. Came from Spain, Germany, and Britain · They grew and raised crops. Lived in small towns near fields which they were owned to by their lord o Serfdom = form of European slavery o In the family = patriarchy § Men, whether poor or rich, were the rulers of the family. § Women, when married, were expected to change their last name, follow his request and give up any property she owns. § Children began to work under their father's instructions around their mid to late twenties. · Land was given to their sons à primogeniture = the oldest son inherited his father's land · Dowries were given to the daughters to give to their future husbands

1. Causes of the American Revolution, road to Revolution. Have a general understanding of the acts and the events.

o Mercantilism o French and Indian War à Proclamation of 1763 o Enlightenment

1. House of Burgesses and the general theme of self-government and autonomy.

o Virginia company issued a "Great Charter that created the House of Burgesses o Given power to make laws and levy taxes under the conditions that governor and the company council in England could veto their acts o 1624 à James II revoked the charter and made it a royal colony o During Bacon's Rebellion à curbed the powers of the governor and council and restored voting rights to landless freemen o 1705 à legalized chattel slavery, led to creation of social system based on racial exploitation

1. The Declaration of Independence influenced by whom.

• John Locke • He said that we had a series of self-evident truths o That all men are created equal and poses unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. • Government derives its just powers from the consent of the governed • And can be rightly overthrown if it becomes destructive of these ends

1. The Struggle for land and the impact on Native Americans. Know Pontiac's Rebellion.

· Main causes of conflict with Native American tribes - overlapping French and British claims to land around the Ohio River Valley and increased westward migration · French maintained claims by establishing forts and trading posts that were allied with Indians o French claims were the weakest in the soft underbelly of the Ohio River Valley, where displaced Indians began to resettle in large numbers · British traders traveling along the Ohio River began trading with Delawares and Shawnees o Drew the Indian French allies away from the French trading posts · Ohio Company of Virginia received a 200,000 acre grant in 1748 from the British crown that allowed them to establish a settlement along upper Ohio o Threatened the already weak French claims to the Ohio Valley. · British were dependent on Iroquois to handle Indian relations · Iroquois developed into an empire by expanding Covenant Chain (alliance between Iroquois and British) and taking on the responsibility of speaking for other Indian groups · Sent two "half-kings" - Tanaghrisson and Scarouady to Logstown where the British recognized them as leaders to preserve their influence in the Ohio · French established forts from Lake Erie to the Ohio as a response to British activity · To reestablish British claims, Governor Dinwiddie sent out an expedition led by Colonel George Washington, where he discovered that many of the Ohio Indians were siding with the French o British only had Iroquois "half kings" and their followers on their side · After Washington's party fired on a French detachment, Tanaghrisson killed a French officer and ensured war o Forced the British to support Iroquois interests in the Ohio · Virginian and British expansionists demanded war after Washington was defeated by the French o Worrisome because of the colonies' incapability to defend themselves and the weak state of the Covenant Chain · Iroquois believed the British were neglecting their interests while New York settlers moved towards their lands o Action was taking placed in the Ohio without consulting the Iroquois confederacy o Began to doubt their alliance with the British · British Board of Trade organized a meeting at Albany to restore relationship with the Iroquois o Mohawk leader Hendrick Peters Theyanoguin demanded the British defend Iroquois interests more actively · Benjamin Franklin proposed plan of union/Albany Plan of Union between colonies and Iroquois o Proposed that one general government rule over all the colonies o Would have a continental assembly that would be responsible for trade, Indian policy, and the colonies' defense o Plan was rejected because it threatened the independence of the colonial assemblies and the authority of Parliament Pontiac's rebellion • Pontiac leads a rebellion. It was in Detroit • He was a Native American Chief • Pontiac and his followers revolt and take over a lot of forts. • The British had to spend 2 years getting back their forts. • To solve the problem, they told the colonists couldn't move farther west to prevent getting involved with anything. • The colonists got upset because they wanted to move father west because there was no more land to buy. • The compromise was that the British get all the forts back but they create the proclamation line. • What it changed in British was that salutary neglect was over. • They decided that they would start to control the colonies more and that they would have to pay their part for the war (sugar act, tea act etc.)

1. Pilgrims and then Puritans. John Winthrop and the City upon a Hill.

· Puritans o Religious separatists who fled the Church of England § King James I's threatened to drive them out of England o Sought to escape religious persecution and gain religious freedom and land o Goal: create a reformed Christian society with "authority in magistrates, liberty in people, purity in the church" o Agriculturally dependent society emerged due to broad distribution of land o Attempted to preserve a "pure" Christian faith by establishing a "holy commonwealth" o Some migrated to Holland and others sailed to America in the Mayflower and reached Plymouth o William Bradford = leader § Declared the Mayflower Compact à applied the model of a self-governing religious congregation to their own politics/society Pilgrims o Settled in the Chesapeake, but sought to return to England o Sought religious freedom o Treated Native Americans better John Winthrop and the City upon a Hill o John Winthrop led the migration 900 Puritans - start of Puritan exodus § Winthrop became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony § Condemned English society § Sought land for his children and a place in Christian history for the Puritans o Used religion to justify the invasion of Native American lands by the English § God used the smallpox epidemic to kill off the Native Americans and make room for the Puritan settlers § Therefore, God supported their acquirement of the Native American lands § Referred to Book of Genesis à since Natives didn't subdue their land, they had no right to it § Believed they were God's people and were carrying out his plan of spreading Christianity · Led them to treat Native Americans harshly à similar to Spanish treatment § Considered themselves culturally, but not racially, superior to Native Americans · Saw them as "savages" and inferior because they didn't practice Christian beliefs and were therefore sinful

1. Treaty of Paris 1763

• After the end of the French and Indian war • The british won because they used Pitts ideas of how the y outnumberd the French and took their colonies • After the war they met in paris and it ended the war • The british got most of the land inNorth America including the land in Canada and florida • They got coloines inAsia and Africa from the French • England became a lot more powerful because they got a lot more land and they started to take contoll of the colonies because they wanted to get out of the debt from the war • With the land they want to curb the colonists power and reestablish their own power over them (they set upt the proclamation line, end of salutariy neglect)

1. Thomas Paine's Common Sense

• Common Sense gained support because he clearly laid out common reasons why America should be independent from Britain. • He attacked the normally monarchy. • He blasted the British system and granted that the system was of the past but now should be a democracy. • Within 6 months there were 25 editions and reached hundreds of thousands of people. • He used Locke's idea by saying that we had three natural rights and that we can rebel against an unjust government.

1. Maize cultivation

• Each tribe did their own thing based off of geography, environment and the resources they had. They created their own societies and economies off of this. • Agriculture: they grew corn (maize), potatoes, squash, tomatoes etc • If their economy was agriculture, then they wouldn't move • If they were hunters, they would move • 3 sister crops they mainly grew because of the climate • three sisters: hardy crops • they sustained native American tribes • they cultivated it in the south east and the south west • the pueblo people irrigated and the south east grew corn

1. Spanish role in the American Southwest

• Native Americans only listened to Spanish because they were afraid and wanted to find out about their spiritual secrets because they had bad things going on at the time • Once diseases droughts and raids came, they went back to praising their original Gods because their new religion wasn't working o Some people did end up becoming Christians • The Spanish controlled Santa Fae and Ft. Augustine but most of the settlements they actually wanted were taken by the English (Florida) • Native Americans didn't conform to their society • But they did end up finding gold and silver in the end like they wanted to o By finding this it revolutionized the way people fought things because they created a currency.

1. The Impact of the Print Revolution

• Now that there was a print revolution they were able to send out ideas quicker and easier. • It helped spreading enlightenment notions and they were able to get an idea to separate from Britain more because they had attainable ideas. • There were lots of scientific books being made. • It connects al of the ideas from the colonies and it helped them form their ideas to rebel against England. • Advance transportation allowed the colonists to receive information better. • It was a spread of ideas

1. The identity of African Americans- a distinct culture is emerging.

• Outside information about the communities: a balanced sex ratio was key in creating families and communities. A lot of them would pass down traditions, household customs, music and last names and created an African American culture. They were called "Negro" spirituals and they sung slave hymns. • Slave marriages were not recognized by law, but if there were slaves that met and married some of them would jump the broom and this was a spiritual communal wedding thing that they did. • Power of the black church: they will convert heavily to Christianity and eventually form their own churches. They specifically heavily relied on the church during the civil rights movement.

1. Be able to discuss the various regions in which the original inhabitants of America lived. How did they get to the Americas? Land Bridge?

• People initially arrived in the Americans because there was a huge strip of land which connected the Americas to Siberia. This land existed because there was a huge sheet of ice covering most of Asia and North America. Since this ice was there, the oceans levels went down and created this land strip. People traveled across this into north America to hunt for Woolly mammoths and other animals. • They were nomadic hunters. Native Americas originally are from Asia. They went to places like Florida and Mexico because they wanted to escape all of the ice. They then spread out all over America. They got to the random Caribbean islands because they made boats at one point. • It took 6,000 years to get there • Depending on where they landed in America their culture, society, language food all formed because of where they landed in their geographic region. • Know more regionally the tribes and their characteristics a. Powhatan b. pueblo

1. Types of colonies- Royal vs. Proprietary- Know the chart and map for the colonies' economic structure and democratic ideals.

• Proprietary: someone who got a land grant from the British king (ex. Maryland) o The king gave William Penn a land grant, he was ablt to do whatever he wanted • Royal: has a royal governor Small Timeline: Starts with the dominion of New England then this does not work, Glorious revolution comes (salutary neglect starts) after the French and Indian war Salutary neglect ends with the proclamation line. Salutary Neglect: Passing laws but they are not enforcing them (molasses act, hat act etc. know some of these)

1. Salutary Neglect

• Salutary neglect- 1689-1763 (this was when the colonists were ignored, in 1763 they said that they couldn't have their town meetings, they were going to tax them etc.)

1. Triangular Trade (look at pic in Henretta)

♣ Everything the colonies produce they send to Great Britain and then Great Britain would manufacture the goods and send them back ♣ ♣ In the west indies they would send the raw materials to the mother country and then they would receive manufactured goods and bills of exchange in return for it. ♣ ♣ North America traded to the Dutch, French (not allowed, this is when the smuggling and salutary neglect comes in) and British controlled West Indies. ♣ North America would send rice to Spain and get salt, wine and bills of exchange in return ♣ South America sends fish to Spain ♣ Bills of exchange: currency ♣ Cause and Effect: The growth of certain cities, Boston, ports started to increase and population started to increase and manufacturing increased as well. The cities that grew the most were port cities.

1. The Regulators and the Paxton Boys, more struggles with class conflict between Eastern planters (rich) and frontier people who want some power and land too.

• The Paxton boys wanted the eastern government to protect them from the native Americans. They refused to protect them because it's a risk they have to take when moving west. • The Paxton boys are form Pennsylvania; regulators are from the Carolinas. • Regulators thought the taxation system should be taxed according to their profit. This became the graduated income tax. This is what the small farmers were arguing for. They also wanted to pay their taxes in crops rather than in money (because they didn't have money). • Frontier people moving out of the frontier and wanted to kill and extinguish the native americans • The eastern controlled governemnts are not supporting the actions • They then say if they wont get support they will go out inot the land and kill the native americans by themselves • There is a tension between the frontier people and the eastern government • They want better representation in governemnts (in the eastern government, reffering to the local governemnts in the colonies) and lower taxes a. If they have reps from the frontier, then they would get to talk about their problems • They are always asking for protection from the Indians, and fair taxation

1. The Portuguese and their role in Africa and the slave trade.

• The Portuguese went to Africa looking for silk, gold etc. Instead the tribe people said they had people (slaves) and they would trade the slaves for goods. African tribes partook in the creation of slavery (but they did not do it to themselves). • The Portuguese established themselves as slave traders by creating fortified trading posts like the ones in the Indian Ocean. Here they bought gold and slaves from African princes and warlords. • They started the trans Saharan trade network where they found value in trading humans • 9 million slaves were sold, slaves were sold by African princes and warlords • developments in Brazil: sugar plantations in Brazil accelerated the slave trade • • How they became slaves: o Africans were held in bondage (if you as for a loan from someone they take a person and say they can't have them back until they pay their debt) and were sold into servitude by kin in exchange for food, or held as war captives o Laborers, concubines (sex slaves), or military recruits

1. Role of disease on Native American depopulation

• The impact of French colonization on Native Americans are that they brought lots of diseases and epidemics that killed 25-90% of their population • Most important thing that came from old world to new world was diseases. Specifically, smallpox. The native Americans were affected so badly because they weren't immune to it. The people in Europe were immune to smallpox because they were really dirty and they slept close with pigs. This is an effect of domesticating animals (fencing them in and taming them).

1. Causes and Effects of the French and Indian War

• The most important land they were disputing over was over the Ohio River Valley. Along the Ohio river valley is really fertile land. Both sides wanted access to the Ohio river. • The Native Americans lived in the Ohio river region and were previously in the area and then kicked out. They went back into the Ohio River valley (Delaware and Shawnees, they were on the French side). Most tribes allied with the French because the French were always nicer. The Iroquois allied with the British. The British relied on the native Americans for trade and because they negotiated with other Native American tribes. • This results in a big war, Prussia, Austri, French and Britian. Whoever won the war would get all of the disputed land, that's what made it so important. The British win and they don't get rid of the French, but now the British are the colonial rulers of America. • Britian won because of manpower they had 14 to one. Effects: • British get a lot of land and debt from this war • They look to the colonies to help them pay back the debt from their war. • The British will keep troops in America in forts to help keep the peace. • With the native Americans they have the Royal proclamation: settlers can't go on the Native Americans land but the colonists don't listen and they take the land they want. • The way the British treated the colonists: they treated them like second class citizens. • There is tension that is created in this war between the two. • The colonists didn't like the way they were treated and this is a lingering affect after the French and Indian war. • The colonists had to buy on credit in the war because of Britain because nobody was making money.

1. The Continental Congress (and the second continental congress)

• They created the continental congress in response to the Coercive • 56 delegates gather here • this is the first step to democracy • John Adams, Patrick Henry and a landowner from Virginia, George Washington • They didn't like the declaration of American freedom and they wanted their freedom • Across new England there were smuggled arms collected and stashed • Most delegates in Philadelphia want peace with Britain • The first continental congress decided a British attack on any colony would be regarded as an attack on all of them • The decide that they no longer are colonists, the decide they are Americans • Their army is made up of ordinary Americans • The Continental Congress was a new body created by the patriots. 12 colonies sent reps to the congress. Southern reps wanted a new economic boycott. New England reps wanted a political union and defensive military prep. Lots of the Middle Atlantic reps wanted a compromise. These people proposed a new political system First Continental Congress: 1774 (notes taken in review session) They meet and they decide not to take action, but they have a collected action. They declare that if one colony is attached by Britian then thaty all unite. The Galloway plan and it doesn't even pass. The first one unifies them (VVG?) The Second Continental Congress Decleration of taking up arms etc. they are going to get ready for a war and also establish the continental army.

1. The Columbian Exchange

• This was when plants, animals and germs all traveled across the Atlantic Ocean along with the people. • Some important foods that were brought into America were Potatoes, corn and tomatoes. • Some animals were horses, cows and pigs. • The germs that were brought over were smallpox, influenza and the bubonic plague. The diseases were very harmful. • New worldold world a. Potato, tomato, corn, and squash b. Turkey c. Cyfilis d. Hardy crops: potato, squash corn i. Able to sustain the peasants diet so they were no longer starving to survive • Old new a. Disease i. Smallpox, caused 95% of native American population to die b. Horses i. Changes the transportation c. Cattle d. Wheat and rice • Historians think new old is more important because Europeans found themselves superior and they were receiving all the new goods

1. Bacon's Rebellion: Results- know indentured servitude and the class conflict that this rebellion gave light to.

♣ Nathaniel Bacon was a farmer and seized the grievances of the western farmers to lead a rebellion against Berkeley' government. ♣ They did this because they didn't like the economic and political control that a lot of the planters had in the Chesapeake area ♣ He created an army of volunteers and had a series of raids and massacres against American Indian villages on the Virginia frontier. ♣ Bacon's army was successful in defeating the governor's forces and even burned the Jamestown settlement. ♣ When Bacon died his army collapsed Lasting effects: (these problems would continue into the next century) ♣ Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers ♣ colonial resistance to royal control Indentured servitude: A person under contract to work for another person for a definite period of time, usually without pay but in exchange for free passage (and board in) to a new country. During the seventeenth century most of the white laborers in Maryland and Virginia came from England as indentured servants. -Wiki

1. Evolution of slavery- compare and contrast each region. Where was slavery worse?

♣ Slavery was the worst in South Carolina: growing rice, swampy, mosquitoes, diseases, work in general was very harsh and exhausting. Mirrored what happened in the West Indies. Constant influx of new Africans from different tribes with different languages and cultures so it was hard for them to build communities. There were more blacks than whites because there was a high demand of labor. There were more deaths than births ♣ Chesapeake was bad but not as bad. Tobacco revolution, more African American people could build more communities there because they could live longer there. Women were recruited as slaves and the amount of American born slaves increased, added to the community part as well. Women were encouraged to have children and overseers were encouraged to not harm women carrying children. ♣ West indies: sugar was also just as hard as South Carolina because the conditions for growing the sugar was really harsh. ♣ Sexual exploitation was big in the west indies, hard for them to create communities because the masters would take the women ♣ Continuity: slavery is always better in the Chesapeake

Mercantilism over time and the all important but ignored Navigation Acts

♣ The Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663 allowed only English or colonial-owned ships to enter American ports. This excluded the Dutch merchants who paid he highest prices for tobacco and sold the best goods and provided the cheapest shipping services. It also required colonists to ship tobacco, sugar and other articles only to England. ♣ Mercantilism ended up being we would grow raw crops and send them to Britain with the triangle trade, and they would in return give us manufactured goods

1. Restoration Colonies- Carolinas, New York, etc.

♣ The Restoration Colonies got founded when Charles II got power in Asia and America. He got new outposts in America by allowing noblemen to live in Carolina (lots of Native Americans lived here). He also gave New Netherlands to James, his brother, and it was renamed New York. Finally, a portion of New York was named New Jersey and it was given to another group of proprietors. He gave William Penn Pennsylvania. ♣ The system of rule that was in the Carolinas was a manorial system. It was legally established by the Constitutions of Carolina. This system didn't work. They refused to work on large manors and they instead raised their own crops. They rebelled against taxes on tobacco and on the axes to support the Church. ♣ ♣ In class: ♣ The Restoration Colonies were founded because King Charles II didn't like how all of the colonies were run, so he wanted his own so that he could control. He gave massively large land grants to his people. North and South Carolina were founded by proprietors. There was a revolt in South Carolina against the proprietors because they wanted to have their own self-government. They didn't want the manorial system.

1. Stono Rebellion and other ways that African Americans resisted.

♣ The Stono Rebellion was the largest slave uprising in the mainland colonies. ♣ It was in South Carolina and it shows how impossible a slave uprising was. ♣ It all started when the Catholic governor of Spanish Florida promised to give freedom to fugitive slaves. ♣ Lots of slaves started to escape and there was a rumor that a conspiracy was created by the slaves in Carolina to revolt and make their way out of their land. ♣ A war eventually began between England and Spain and the Africans revolted and killed some whites near the Stono River. ♣ The rebels started to march towards Florida. ♣ They had a lot of people but they were met with the South Carolina militia. ♣ 44 slaves were killed and the rebellion was stopped and therefore stopped any uprising from happening. • Consequences: 44 slaves were killed and South Carolinians cut slave imports and tightened their discipline on the plantations. Ways slaves resisted: • They would work slower • If they had a skill they would • They would try bargaining with their slave masters. If they wanted more food or clothes they said they would work harder or longer • They would steal form their masters • They would pretend to be sick and say the working conditions made them ill • They would break their tools • Sometimes they would kill their masters

1. Indian War of 1622.

♣ The chiefs brother of the Powhatan tribe led many revolts towards the English, one of his attacks was in 1607 and killed many settlers and captured some (John Smith) ♣ In 1622 he surprised the English with an attack but the English overpowered and destroyed their fields, and food and took warriors as captives to become slaves ♣ This is how Virignia became a colony ♣ Powhatan tribe ♣ The relationship gets sour early on all throughout the 1610's, john raulf and his tobacco plant is growing and more settlers are coming to Virginia o The native population become overwhelmed and they react and have a war ♣ The settlers win

1. Penn's Frame of Government- Quakers=Chill

♣ They were the chilliest colony because of the way Penn dealt with Native Americans. ♣ He bought the land from the Native Americans, he was civil with them. ♣ Pennsylvania was the location of the first public protests against slavery. ♣ Penn wrote a letter to the Native Americans and said how he is thinking of establishing economy, this is different because others would come in and kill everyone and force their colonies. ♣ Pennsylvania also had a lot of ethnic diversity, when the colonists came in they didn't wipe out the Native Americans. ♣ The middle colonies overall had a very diverse religion. There were the Quakers who came in. They were really chill. Women were ministers too.