Ch 1-6 HHS 330 Exam

Which of the following demonstrates the use of vicarious learning to increase the physical activity self-efficacy of older adults?

A yoga class led by an older adult.

Which of the following statements reflects an internal locus of causality for behavior related to COVID-19 risk reduction?

A) I decided it's best for me to avoid indoor social activities.

9. Which of the following would help people maintain a new behavior?

A) Participating in a self-help group.

The construct of locus of causality

A) refers to where the cause of a behavior resides.

Which of the following constructs of attribution theory explains that the extent to which a person can willfully change the cause of an outcome is what prevents undesirable outcomes from repeatedly happening?

Controllability

10. Which of the following is an example of counter conditioning?

D) A soda drinker switching to flavored seltzer.

4. In keeping with the transtheoretical model, in order for people to change their behavior, which of the following conditions have to be met?

D) The pros of changing the behavior have to outweigh the cons.

Cues to action are the internal prompts that move people to change their behavior.

False

True of False: 7. According to attribution theory, personal attributes are the basis of all behavior.

False

True or False: A behavior change is deemed successful if the healthier behavior is maintained for six months.

False

True or False: A program focused on attitudinal change is unlikely to result in a successful behavior change.

False

True or False: Attribution theory is specifically used to explain the causes of unhealthy behaviors.

False

True or False: In general, people have the most difficulty moving from the pre-contemplation stage to the contemplation stage.

False

True or False: In the preparation stage of change, people make plans for how they are going to avoid relapse once the change is complete.

False

True or False: Once people recognize they have a problem behavior and begin thinking about taking action to change it, they are in the preparation stage of change.

False

True or False: One's perception of vulnerability to a disease is the most likely of all the constructs to impede behavior change.

False

True or False: The construct of stability in attribution theory refers to the extent to which the underlying cause of a behavior can be consistently predicted.

False

True or False: The shortest stage of change is action because when people make a decision to change a behavior, they change it as quickly as possible.

False

True or False: The theory of planned behavior is used when the behavior in question is under a person's willful control.

False

True or False: When a health problem has an external locus of causality that is controllable but unstable, it is unlikely to be changed.

False

True or False: When developing behavior change programs based on the health belief model, it's necessary to address the environmental factors contributing to the perception of disease risk and benefits of adopting risk-reducing behaviors for behavior to change.

False

True or False: When the cause of a health issue is rooted in the influence of others, theories at the intrapersonal level would best explain this behavior.

False

True or False: When using the process of environmental reevaluation in the transtheoretical model, people look at their new behavior in light of how it will change the environment for the better.

False

True or False: When using the transtheoretical model to help people change an unhealthy behavior, it is important to know what prompted them to undertake the change in the first place.

False

True or False:According to self-efficacy theory, when efficacious people are confronted with a difficult task, they avoid it.

False

True or False:According to the construct of volitional control, people will adopt a new behavior if they perceive that it will be easy to adopt

False

True or False:Learning a new behavior that is different than one already known increases self-efficacy.

False

True or False:Once a theory is developed, tested, and its efficacy proven, it cannot be changed.

False

True or False:The development of the theory of reasoned action confirmed the prevailing assumption at the time that attitude determined behavior.

False

True or False:The most effective way to increase self-efficacy is through verbal persuasion.

False

True or False:Theories at the community level explain behavior by focusing on the relationships between people living in a given geographic area.

False

True or False:Vicarious learning is an effective means of increasing self-efficacy when there is a relationship between the observer and the person being observed.

False

True or false: . Demonstrating a new task in its entirety is the most effective way to increase self-efficacy through vicarious learning

False

True or false: Modifying variables are those things people think are preventing them from changing their behavior.

False

True or false: Teaching people how to avoid anxiety-producing health situations is key to increasing self-efficacy.

False

In using the health belief model as the basis for a program to increase the fruit and vegetable intake of children in grades 1-3, which of the following messages to parents would most likely support success?

Fruits and vegetables cost about the same as processed snacks.

Which of the following is considered an internal, stable, uncontrollable cause of behavior that affects health outcomes?

Intellect

A theory at which level of influence is most appropriate to use for a program aimed at reducing alcohol use among members of fraternities and sororities on university campuses?

Interpersonal

If the underlying cause of a health problem in a community is a lack of understanding about prevention measures, a theory or model at which level of influence would be most appropriate to use as the basis for a program?

Intrapersonal

Which of the following is true of the construct of mastery experiences?

It is the most effective means by which to increase self-efficacy.

All of the following explain why people with a high level of self-efficacy are more likely to change unhealthy behaviors EXCEPT that they:

accept their inability to accomplish all their goals.

According to the health belief model, all the following are cues to action EXCEPT:

Setting a goal in a weight management program.

If you were assigned the task of getting students on your campus to eat less processed food and cook more whole foods, which of the following factors known to influence health behavior would be the most reasonable focus?

Skill

. When a person quits smoking because a healthcare provider asks them too, which construct explains this behavior?

Subjective norms

Of the following, which is an example of using mastery experiences to improve self-efficacy for reducing heart disease risk?

Teaching people how to cook heart healthy meals.

Generally, older adults who are sexually active with more than one partner tend not to perceive themselves as being at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and, consequently, do not engage in safer sex behaviors. If you were tasked with writing an article for the local newspaper to address this issue, what information would you include?

The rates of STIs in people 60 and over.

All the following statements are true about theories except

They describe how to improve a situation

The health belief model was originally developed to:

Understand why some people attended TB screenings and others did not.

Which of the following best explains why a program focused on increasing the perception of disease seriousness may not result in a behavior change?

Unless people think a disease is both serious and that they are at risk of getting it, chances are they will not change their behavior.

The theory of planned behavior is used when:

behavior cannot be changed at will.

Volitional control refers to:

behavior we can engage in at will.

Control beliefs:

affect a person's perception of how easy or difficult it is to perform a behavior.

The construct of behavioral control refers to:

an individual's perception of how easy or difficult it is to engage in a behavior.

Models differ from theories in that they

are based on underlying idea of many different theories

It is important to take modifying variables into consideration when attempting to explain or change behavior because they:

can change a person's perception of the seriousness of a disease.

Theories are used as the basis for behavior change programs because they

explain why people behave the way they do

Theories come from the need to

explain why something keeps happening.

Using the transtheoretical model as the basis for a behavior change program entails:

helping participants use the processes of change to move through the stages of change.

Behavioral causes of a health outcome that cannot be changed are considered:

stable and uncontrollable.

5. Self-efficacy is negatively affected when:

the thought of a behavior causes distress.

In the health belief model, the construct of perceived barriers explains that behavior change is influenced by:

things a person sees as impediments to change.

According to the self-efficacy theory construct of physiological and emotional states, people are more likely to attempt a new behavior if:

thinking about it is associated with a pleasurable experience.

True or False: 9. For a behavior with an external locus of causality, the foci of change are interpersonal factors.

True

True or False: According to attribution theory, it is important to identify behavioral causes at the individual level because the same behavior may result from different causes for different people.

True

True or False: According to the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior, one way to explain behavior is to identify the underlying beliefs that form the attitude toward the behavior in question.

True

True or False: An example of a cue to action for rabies prevention is a reminder text from the health department that a pet's license is due for renewal.

True

True or False: An example of stimulus control when maintaining a change to a whole-foods diet is the removal of all processed food from the home.

True

True or False: Attribution theory came from the desire to understand the basis of success and failure.

True

Which of the following best illustrates the use of self-efficacy theory to increase fruit and vegetable intake in XYZ community?

Offering vegetarian cooking classes at a local restaurant so residents can practice preparing new foods.

True or False: Complying with the American Heart Association's recommendation to replace saturated fat with healthier fats to lower cardiovascular disease risk is an example of a behavior with an external locus of causality.

True

True or False: Control beliefs impact a person's perception of how easy or difficult it will be to perform a behavior.

True

True or False: Even when people think a new behavior is beneficial to their health, they generally will not attempt to change their old behavior unless they believe they have the ability to perform the new behavior.

True

True or False: Factors that influence health behavior often serve as the underlying idea of a theory.

True

True or False: Fruits and vegetables cost about the same as processed snacks.

True

True or False: Health behavior, according to the health belief model, is influenced by demographics

True

True or False: Locus of causality is important because it influences how other people react to the outcome of an illness or a behavior.

True

True or False: People in the pre-contemplation stage of change are either not ready to change their behavior or they are uninformed or underinformed about the consequences of their unhealthy behavior.

True

True or False: Relapse avoidance is the focus during the maintenance stage of change.

True

True or False: The construct of mastery experiences explains that people will try to do something new if it is similar to something they already do well.

True

True or False: The construct of perceived barriers explains why people do not change their behavior even though they believe the change is for the best.

True

True or False: The theory of reasoned action would be the most logical one to use as the basis for a program addressing student alcohol use by forming an "alcohol abstainers club" to enable students who choose not to drink to support each other.

True

True or False: Things that people value affect their health decisions, health behavior, and overall health status

True

True or False: When others view the cause of an undesirable outcome as being under a person's volitional control, the person is more likely to be blamed for the outcome.

True

True or False: When using either the theory of reasoned action or the theory of planned behavior as the basis of a program, getting people to plan on changing their behavior rather than having them actually change their behavior is the goal.

True

True or False:. In general, a program would likely be more effective in changing unhealthy behaviors if the participants predominantly identified as female.

True

True or False:Attitudes toward a behavior are formed by a series of beliefs that result in a value being placed on the outcome of the behavior.

True

True or False:In some situations, using a model rather than a theory produces a more effective program.

True

True or False:Sometimes changing health behavior entails changing beliefs and attitudes.or False:

True

True or False:Subjective norms are the construct that predicts people will avoid a particular behavior if they believe it is what important people in their lives want them to do.

True

True or False:The physiological and emotional state resulting from thinking about engaging in a behavior affects self-efficacy and the likelihood of engaging in the behavior.

True

True or False:Understanding a person's religion is critical to understanding possible causes of their behavior and the likelihood of change taking place.

True

True or false: Including positive feedback to people learning a new skill, even when they make mistakes, is a way of increasing their self-efficacy through verbal persuasion.

True

True or false: Using repetition when teaching people a new skill allows helps them to develop mastery which increases their self-efficacy

True

The concept underlying the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned explain that behavior:

is the result of intention.

3. When a poor health outcome is viewed by others as resulting from a controllable cause:

it can lead to blame and stereotyping.

The construct of behavioral control differs from the concept of self-efficacy in that:

it's the extent of control someone believes he or she has over performing a behavior rather than his or her perceived ability to perform the behavior.

The construct of perceived seriousness in the health belief model is best explained by which of the following?

An individual's opinion of the detrimental effects of a disease.

Which of the following behaviors can be achieved by changing behavior using the theory of reasoned action?

Applying sunscreen every day

If a person's beliefs underly an unhealthy behavior, which of the following constructs would explain this and predict what might support a behavior change?

Attitude

5. Before a person can move from contemplation to preparation, which of the following must occur?

B) A decision must be made to pursue the change.

Which of the following is a task completed in the preparation stage of the transtheoretical model?

B) Making a plan as to how the behavior change will occur.

When using the transtheoretical model to help people quit smoking, in which stage would they set a quit date?

B) Preparation stage

. An example of an external, unstable, controllable cause of behavior is:

B) health insurance.

Chronic contemplation or behavioral procrastination develops:

B) when a person is not able to make a decision about moving forward with changing a behavior.

. In using the transtheoretical model to implement a behavior change, which of the following processes of change help move people from pre-contemplation to contemplation?

C) Consciousness raising

3. According to the transtheoretical model, people who have not given any thought to changing an unhealthy behavior:

C) are in the pre-contemplation stage of change.

The concept underlying attribution theory is that:

C) behavior has a cause or explanation for why it happens.

Which of the following best summarizes the concept of self-efficacy theory?

People will only attempt to do what they think they can do.

. If you are developing a behavior change program based on the health belief model but can only focus on one construct, which one is the most significant to change?

Perceived barriers

Which of the following is an example of what a parent might do to support a child's self-efficacy for healthy food choices using verbal persuasion

Praise the child for snacking on fruit instead of candy and chips.

True or False: . According to attribution theory, it's critical to know the cause of a behavior in order to know if the behavior can be changed.

True

According to the theory of reasoned action:

people tend to engage in behaviors they view as having desirable outcomes.

The underlying concept of the health belief model explains behavior as being the result of:

individual views or opinions.

When a woman avoids going for a mammogram because the very thought of being screened for breast cancer frightens her, this may be explained by:

insuppressible emotional states.

Perceived threat in the health belief model refers to:

the combined personal opinion of the seriousness of a disease and one's susceptibility to it.