Ch. 1 - Ch. 8 (HIST 1301)

Precontact people transformed forests in eastern North America by using

fire.

The distinctive society that developed in the Pacific Northwest survived primarily by

fishing

The center of the network of Mississippian cities, located at the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, was a city known as

cahokia

Small family groups in the Great Basin generally

moved according to the season

Following the crises of the twelfth through fourteenth centuries, descendants of the Hohokam

moved to small farming villages with simpler irrigation systems.

Amazon farmers did which of the following?

managed soils for farming

The ______ people were the master potters of the Southwest.

mogollon

The incredible array of huge mammals, including mammoths, sloths, camels, and lions, found in the northern Great Plains about 15,000 years ago are called

megafauna

Who first described Columbus's Indies as Mundus Novus?

Amerigo Vespucci

By the late fifteenth century, the focal point of European sugar production shifted to the Azores and other islands in the eastern ______ that were noted for their rich, volcanic soil.

Atlantic Ocean

The term historians use to describe the reciprocal transfer of plants, animals, and humans between the Old and New Worlds is the ___

Columbian exchange

Who used the term "America" to refer to the New World?

a German mapmaker

Mehmet II's conquest of ______ was alarming throughout Europe.

Constantinople

The ____ people were the master potters of the Southwest

Mogollon

Which statement regarding the environmental changes that occurred at the end of the Ice Age is not correct?

Most species of megafauna survived the environmental changes.

The first European outpost in North America was established in

Newfoundland

Prince Henry the Navigator of ______ was the driving force of his kingdom's overseas ventures in the fifteenth century.

Portugal

Who were the first city-builders in the Americas?

The Olmecs

Which of the following was a Mayan accomplishment?

The development of astronomical observatories

Why did groups of people in the Great Basin usually number less than fifty?

The soil and climate were not good for farming.

How did early humans living in the Americas adapt to the end of the Ice Age?

They began to hunt smaller animals.

Which of the following statements are true concerning the diseases brought to the Americas by European colonizers?

They killed millions of Native Americans, and they did the greatest damage to Native American adults.

Which of the following best explains why royal geographers in Portugal rejected Columbus's plan for a westward voyage?

They knew that the earth was round but believed that it was much larger than Columbus estimated.

Which statement is true of the peoples of North America at the time of the Europeans' first arrival?

They lived in remarkably diverse ways.

Which of the following is true of the Hohokam?

They utilized vast and complex irrigation systems.

What social characteristics did the abundance of food in Mesoamerica produce?

a highly complex and stratified social system

One of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to intimidate and eventually defeat the Aztecs was

advanced metal weaponry.

Most Eastern Woodland peoples subsisted on ___ unlike the ancient peoples of the Southwest.

animals, fish, and nuts

Changes to the European banking and financial system helped create a pool of ______, which in turn catalyzed trading ventures and overseas expansion.

capital

New ships called ______ allowed the Portuguese to sail down Africa's western coast with greater speed.

caravels

Christopher Columbus believed that the fastest route to ______ was to the west.

china

How can the Olmec civilization best be described?

complex and urban

China's treasure fleet, commanded by Zheng He, sailed as far as

eastern Africa.

Bartolomé de Las Casas helped popularize the so-called "Black Legend" of Spain, which indicted the empire for its

exploitation of natives.

Which of the following were positive results of the bubonic plague?

increased wages, more available land, and lower prices

A significant factor in the Aztec defeat was the

internal opposition to Aztec rule.

Agriculture began in the Americas ______ anywhere else in the world.

nearly as early as

Unlike Eurasia, the Americas fall along a(n) ______ axis.

north-south

How did plains hunters pursue their game?

on foot

Which of the following was not a major reason for early Spanish explorers' interest in the lands and peoples of the New World?

opportunities to develop trade relationships with the natives

What most accurately describes the ships Columbus sailed in 1492?

small ships about the size of oceangoing fishing vessels

What killed the most American Indians in the early years of European colonization?

smallpox

As compared to the Americas, the agricultural revolution in Eurasia

spread much more quickly

Virgin-soil epidemics, which occurred frequently in the New World, were devastating outbreaks of disease in which

the afflicted people had never before been exposed.

European monarchs began forging nation-states in what era?

the mid-fifteenth century

The failure of the expedition of Juan Ponce de León did not dispel the Spanish belief that North America contained

untold riches.

The inhabitants of the Subarctic

were nomadic.

True or false: By the time the Spanish conquistadors arrived, the Aztecs had firm control over all of the city-states in central Mexico.

False

What was the crusaders' biggest obstacle to profitable sugar production in the Holy Land?

Its production was labor-intensive.

When Columbus first reached the Bahamas, he thought he was on the coast of

Japan.

True or false: Although the cultural significance of the mounds built in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys is not completely understood, archaeological evidence points to their use as burial sites.

True

Why didn't indigenous Americans domesticate large animals (with the exception of llamas and alpacas)?

When the megafauna disappeared, there were few large mammals to domesticate.

The earliest settlers of the Americas migrated across the Bering Strait ___ years ago.

at least 15,500

For which of the following was the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán noted?

canals and causeways

Who controlled sub-Saharan African trade routes in the fifteenth century?

African Kingdoms

The ______ and the growth of the Ottoman Empire reduced Portuguese access to traditional sources of slave labor for their sugar plantations.

Black Death

The European trend toward the expansion of royal power began in

France, Spain, and England.

The Cherokees, Tuscaroras, and Hurons all spoke ______ languages.

Iroquoian

What was the primary reason that twelfth-century European investors moved their sugar plantations to a new location?

Islamic fighters had taken Jerusalem.

Which statement about the bubonic plague of the fourteenth century is true?

It led to violence against marginal groups.

How did the geographic and climatic diversity of the Americas affect the transfer of plants and animals?

It slowed down the spread of corn production from South America to Mesoamerica.

Which of the following statements about early modern Europe are correct?

Nobles and aristocrats enjoyed incomes hundreds of times larger than those of commoners, The authority of local lords over their lands was nearly absolute, and For most people life was brutal, dangerous, and short.

The dominant Islamic empire during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was the ______ Empire.

Ottoman

Which of the following statements concerning slavery in medieval Europe are true?

Owning slaves was a status symbol, Slaves often came from Slavic lands; hence, the word slave, and Slaves were typically female.

The primary material used in Pacific Northwest arts and crafts was

wood.

Which of these features distinguished Anasazi society?

extensive system of wide straight roads, agricultural adaptations, and multi-storied apartment-like buildings

Pacific Northwest societies

had sharp class distinctions, and included slavery.

With whom did the Portuguese establish partnerships in Africa?

high-ranking Africans on the coast

As distinctive regional cultures began to develop, those who remained in the Great Plains survived by

hunting small bison.

Which crop, introduced from the Americas, dramatically changed northern European life?

potatoes

Early modern Europe was volatile because of its

rampant crime

President Andrew Johnson, like many Americans of his era, believed that Native Americans were

savages who had killed off the "great races" who preceded them.

Native people of the Americas deliberately manipulated teosinte by

saving the seeds from the best plants and planting them in gardens.

The main diet of groups living in the Great Basin consisted of

seeds, nuts, and plants.

Much of Spain's imperial wealth came from ______ mines in Mexico and Peru.

silver

An especially comforting nineteenth-century origin story speculated that Indian mounds were actually built by

stranded Welshmen.

When Portuguese explorers reached the Atlantic coast of central and southern Africa, they found

strong African kingdoms.

Which people tamed the waters of the Salt and Gila Rivers with the most extensive system of irrigation canals anywhere in precontact North America?

the Hohokam

What Mesoamerican civilization discovered the zero?

the Mayas

Which area did the Aztecs rule?

the Valley of Mexico

Which region did the Mayan empire encompass?

the Yucatan Peninsula and much of current-day Central America

Which of the following factors made China a powerful presence in the early modern world?

the demand for chinese goods

When Columbus presented his case for the second time to Ferdinand and Isabella, he was successful. For what purpose did the monarchs want the revenue his voyage would, hopefully, produce?

to continue the reconquista

Which of the following food sources were important to the inhabitants of the Arctic and Subarctic regions?

whale, berries, caribou

On which of the following did most plains communities typically rely for survival?

foraging, hunting

How far west did medieval Scandinavians sail?

Greenland

In 1519 the Spanish Conquistador ___ made the first European contact with the Aztecs, who ruled a vast empire in what is now Mexico

Hernán Cortés

Which of the following correctly describe sugar production?

It was expensive to cultivate, it spoiled easily, and It required constant tending.

Which of the following statements about Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are true?

Most of Europe's people made their living from the land, and Europe had high levels of infant mortality due to undernourishment and disease.

Although the lack of ______ spared Native Americans from many diseases, this ultimately made them more susceptible to the diseases that Europeans had developed immunities to.

large domesticated animals

At the end of the fifteenth century, Native Americans who hunted practiced religions that

celebrated their kinship with animals, and solicited the aid of animals as guardian spirits.

By 1800, Spanish immigration to the Americas

continued to be very small.

What contributed to the Ottoman Empire's rise to influence and power?

controlling key trade routes

The food crop that was most important to Mesoamerican development was

corn

Which of the following plants did Native Americans develop?

corn

For indigenous people, the effect of the contact between Eastern and Western Hemispheres that began in 1492 was

far-reaching and permanent.

Communication and technology transfer between the Americas were primarily hampered by which two of the following?

geographic diversity, and climatic diversity

Inadequate infrastructure and constant warfare in early modern Europe threatened

the food supply.

Which era marked the shift from slave to serf labor in Europe?

the middle ages

What best describes the climate in the Great Plains during this era?

wildly unpredictable