CH 1 - Intro

Which action is the main function of the digestive system? A) Formation of cells B) Movement of body parts C) Absorption of nutrients D) Providing oxygen for the extraction of energy from nutrients

c. absorption of nutrients

The process by which food substances are chemically changed into simpler forms that can be absorbed is called ________.

digestion

Self-regulating control mechanisms usually operate by a process called ________ feedback.

negative

A subcellular structure built of assemblies of macromolecules that carries out a particular function is a(n) ________.

organelle

The branch of science that deals with the functions of human body parts is called _______

physiology

The potential space between the ________ membranes is called the pleural cavity.

pleural

The anatomical term that indicates a structure close to the surface is A) anterior. B) proximal. C) superficial. D) superior.

superficial

Dissection of human bodies became part of formal medical school coursework in the ________ century.

20th

Agriculture began in some countries as recently as ________ years ago.

6000 years ago

Anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate because A) physiological functions depend on anatomical structures. B) physiological functions in an organism are ongoing. C) body parts take up space. D) our understanding of physiology is changing more than our understanding of anatomy.

A

Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) is a condition that occurs when space forms between the lung and the wall of the pleural cavity. This space would be between ________. A) the parietal pleura and visceral pleura B) parietal pleura and the visceral pericardium C) visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium D) parietal pericardium and the parietal pleura

A

You accidentally cut your hand. Blood platelets in the area begin to attach to the broken blood vessels in the wound. What needs to happen next to create a positive feedback mechanism? A) The platelets change shape to encourage more to rush in and stick to each other to form plugs over the broken vessels. B) The action of platelets sticking to the broken area signals for blood to stop flowing to that area, stopping the bleeding. C) The sensation of pain in your hand causes your muscles to jerk your hand away from the danger. D) The platelets send signals to the brain to slow heart rate and slow the bleeding.

A

The branch of science that deals with the structure of human body parts is called ________.

Anatomy

Magnetic resonance imaging uses A) X-rays. B) radio waves. C) radioisotopes. D) high-frequency sound waves.

B

Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism? A) Maintaining blood pressure B) Uterine contractions during childbirth C) Body temperature control D) Control of blood sugar

B

Signs of aging at the cellular level are (select all that apply) A) graying hair, waning strength, and wrinkles. B) unrepaired DNA and abnormal proteins. C) impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts. D) a fatty liver and clogged blood vessels.

B/C Unrepaired DNA and impaired cell division

In negative feedback mechanisms, changes away from the normal state A) stimulate changes in the same direction. B) inhibit all body reactions. C) stimulate changes in the opposite direction. D) stimulate a reduction in all requirements of the body.

C

The origin of the term "anatomy" is related to A) the Greek word for "function." B) the name of the first anatomist. C) the Greek word for "cutting up." D) the function of internal organs.

C

Which of the following is not an example of a negative homeostatic mechanism in the human body? A) Shivering when body temperature falls below normal B) Increasing heart rate and force of contraction when blood pressure falls C) Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid D) Secreting insulin after a meal to return blood sugar concentration toward normal

C

Which of the following must the human body obtain from the environment in order to survive? A) Nitrogen B) Wastes C) Water D) Carbon dioxide

C

Deep vein thrombosis, heart attack, and high blood pressure are all diseases of the ________ system.

Cardiovascular

Individuals who live more than 100 years are called ________.

Centenarians

A body has been sectioned in such a way that there is one whole lung per section and the urinary bladder has been split in half. What type of section is this? A) Frontal B) Transverse C) Coronal D) Sagittal

D

The removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions is A) metabolism. B) absorption. C) assimilation. D) excretion.

D

The term "physiology" is related to A) the Latin for "physical shape." B) the structure of internal organs. C) the Greek for "cutting up." D) the Greek for "relationship to nature."

D

Which of the following characteristics of life and their descriptions is correct? A) Responsiveness—obtaining and using oxygen to release energy from food B) Assimilation—sensing changes inside or outside the body and reacting to them C) Respiration—changing absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body fluids D) Circulation—the movement of substances in body fluids

D

Which of the following diseases would originate in the abdominopelvic cavity? A) Asthma B) Laryngitis C) Myopia (near-sightedness) D) Pancreatitis

D

Which of the following is true concerning the female reproductive system? A) It produces female sex cells. B) It transports the female sex cells. C) It can support the development of an embryo. D) All of the choices are correct.

D

Metabolism is defined as ________. A) the removal of wastes produced by chemical reactions B) the breakdown of substances into simpler forms C) the taking in of nutrients D) all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life

D. all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life

A researcher has questions about the structure of the mesentery, a tissue connecting the intestines to the wall of the abdominal cavity. They begin researching its location, components, and its specific structures. This researcher is studying the physiology of the organ. T/F

False

Absorption is the ability to exhale carbon dioxide. T/F

False

An elderly person would be less vulnerable to emerging influenzas and other seasonal viruses due to increased cell efficiency and heightened cell division. T/F

False

Cadaver dissection is against the law in the United States. T/F

False

Cells with similar functions aggregate into organelles. T/F

False

Chromosomes get longer as a cell ages. T/F

False

Homeostasis is the body's maintenance of an unstable internal environment. T/F

False

Kidneys are part of the lymphatic system. T/F

False

Oxygen is the primary raw material for new living material. T/F

False

Reproduction is the change in body characteristics over time. T/F

False

Temperature is a form of energy, whereas heat is a measurement of the intensity of the temperature. T/F

False

The anatomical position is lying down, as a cadaver would be positioned. T/F

False

The digestive system filters wastes from the blood. T/F

False

The elbow is distal to the wrist. T/F

False

The following list accurately represents levels of organization in the body from smallest to largest: nucleus → chromosome → liver cell→ liver epithelial tissue → liver→ digestive system T/F

False

The parietal pericardium is attached to the surface of the heart. T/F

False

The parietal pleura is a visceral membrane. T/F

False

We know all there is to know about the structure and function of the human body. T/F

False

The term ________ refers to an increase in body size without overall shape change

Growth

The chemicals secreted by endocrine glands are called ________.

Hormones

A lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions is termed ________.

Sagittal

A researcher has questions about the functions of the greater omentum, an organ found in the abdominal cavity. They begin researching its various functions. This researcher is studying the physiology of the organ. T/F

True

Aging begins in the fetus. T/F

True

Ceroid pigments and lipofuscin accumulate with aging, impairing a cell's ability to withstand the damaging effects of oxygen free radicals. T/F

True

Macromolecules are built of atoms. T/F

True

Organ systems consist of organs, which consist of tissues. T/F

True

Paired organs that are bilateral on the left-right plane of the body would be separated by a sagittal section. T/F

True

Patterns of growth in preserved bones and tooth decay reflect the health of the people of which they were a part. T/F

True

The anatomy of a body part is closely related to its physiology. T/F

True

The chemical reaction of blood oxygenation is an example of a metabolic process. T/F

True

The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities. T/F

True

The ears are lateral to the eyes. T/F

True

The field of medicine arose as early healers abandoned superstition and ideas about magic and started using natural chemicals and wondering why they were effective at treating illness.

True

The head is superior to the neck. T/F

True

The maintenance of a steady body temperature in the face of fluctuating environmental conditions illustrates homeostasis. T/F

True

The muscular system is responsible for body movements, maintenance of posture, and production of body heat. T/F

True

The organ systems responsible for integration and coordination are the nervous and endocrine systems. T/F

True

The transition from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural lifestyle greatly changed the types of diseases and injuries that early peoples suffered. T/F

True

The most abundant molecule in the human body is ________.

Water

Standing erect with face and palms forward and upper limbs at the sides describes the ________ position.

anatomical

A group of cells with common properties that are organized into a layer or mass is a(n) ________.

Tissue

A cell is the basic unit of structure and function of an organism. T/F

True