Ch. 1: Introduction to Nutrition

1) carbohydrates 2) lipids (fats/oils) 3) proteins 4) vitamins 5) minerals 6) water

6 Classes of Nutrients

-broccoli -leafy greens -fat free milk -oranges -lean meats -whole grain cereals

What are examples of nutrient-dense foods?

water

What nutrient provides no energy for the body?

water

What nutrient, though needed in large amounts, is NOT considered a macronutrient?

fatty foods

What types of food tends to be more energy dense?

essential nutrient

a nutrient that must be supplied by food

balance

refers to a level of caloric intake that enables a person to maintain a healthy weight

organic

refers to compounds that contain carbon

inorganic

refers to substances that do not contain carbon

symptoms

subjective complaints of ill health that are difficult to observe and measure

phytochemicals

substances in plants that are not nutrients but may have healthful benefits

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Out of the 6 nutrients, which are considered macronutrients?

vitamins and minerals

Out of the 6 nutrients, which are considered micronutrients?

undernutrition and overnutrition

What are the two types of malnutrition?

a variety of nutrient-dense foods and limits empty-calorie items

What does a nutritionally balanced diet contain?

-family -childhood experiences -peers -ethnic background -education -occupation -income -rural vs. urban residence -composition, convenience, and availability -flavor, texture, and appearance -religious/health/nutritional beliefs -current health status -habits -moods -advertising and media

What influences your eating practices?

age

What is a major biological factor that influences food choices?

heart disease

What is the leading cause of death for Americans?

water

What is the most essential nutrient?

water

What makes up 50 to 70% of a person's body weight?

bomb calorimeter

a device used to measure the calories in a sample of food

Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)

a federal legislation that allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and herbal products as foods

diet

a person's usual pattern of food choices

risk factor

a personal characteristic that increases a person's chances of developing a chronic disease

dietary supplement

a product (excluding tobacco) that contains a vitamin, a mineral, and herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake

Healthy People 2020

a report, created by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, that includes national health promotion and disease prevention objectives that Americans should meet by 2020

lifestyle

a routine way of living, which includes one's usual dietary practices and exercise habits

deficiency disease

a state of health characterized by certain abnormal physiological changes that occur when the body lacks a nutrient

malnutrition

a state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished

element

a substance, such as carbon and oxygen, that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means

"gate-keepers"

adult caregivers who choose what the children eat and prepare it

physiological dose

amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally

megadose

amount of a vitamin or mineral that is at least 10 times the recommended amount of the nutrient

empty-calorie

describes a food that supplies excessive calories from unhealthy types of fat, added sugar, and/or alcohol

nutrient-dense

describes a food that supplies more vitamins and minerals in relation to total calories

moderation

involves obtaining enough nutrients from food to meet one's needs while avoiding excessive amounts

nutriets

life-sustaining substances in food

chronic

long-term

conditionally essential nutrients

nutrients that are normally not essential but become essential under certain conditions, such as during a serious illness

macronutrients

nutrients that the body needs in large amounts

micronutrients

nutrients that the body needs in very small amounts

medical nutrition therapies

nutritionally modified diets for people with chronic health conditions

signs

physical changes associated with a disease state that are observable or measurable

variety

refers to a diet that contains foods from each food group

energy density

the amount of energy a food (kcal) provides per given weight (grams) of the food

calorie

the amount of heat (a form of energy) necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g (1 mL) of water 1 degree Celsius

kcal (Calorie)

the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g (1 liter) of water 1 degree Celsius

nutrition

the scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them

metabolism

the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells, including chemical reactions involved in supplying energy, making proteins, and eliminating waste products