Ch 1. Principles of Linguistic Theory

What are some examples of prepositions? Dog, cat, mouse, human the, and, but, however Go, run, dance, jog on, above, under, in

on, above, under, in

How might you finish the following sentence fragment? If Sam takes the bat... ...then Chris will lose the game. ...if Chris loses the game. ...when Chris loses the game. ...but also Chris will lose the game.

...then Chris will lose the game.

How many morphemes does the word 'Africa' have? 2 none 1 3

1

How can you tell that the following sentence is incorrect? 'She can not only choose the meal.' 'Not only' should not be used with the verb 'choose.' 'Not only' should always be accompanied by 'then.' The sentence is actually correct. 'Not only' should always be accompanied by 'but also.'

'Not only' should always be accompanied by 'but also.'

Who would NOT use the international phonetic alphabet? Speech Pathologists Speech Scientists Linguists 1st Grade Students

1st Grade Students

Which is an example of a phonological rule? Words that end in 'g' all rhyme. A final 's' sound in a word depends on what speech sound immediately precedes it. All English speakers delete the final 'g' sound on all words. Your throat vibrates when you say the word 'helps.'

A final 's' sound in a word depends on what speech sound immediately precedes it.

What do we call two or more words that relate to each other? A complete sentence A phrase An independent clause A preposition A dependent clause

A phrase

_____ are used to modify nouns or pronouns; while _____ provide details on verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. Prepositions; pronouns Adverbs; adjectives Adjectives; adverbs Pronouns; prepositions

Adjectives; adverbs

What does semantics determine? All answers are correct Our reading comprehension How we communicate with other people Our interpretation of a given passage

All answers are correct

If you are writing a poem, your syntax can be: More open-ended Rich in figurative language All of the answers are correct Full of unexpected sentence structure

All of the answers are correct

When writing a cover letter the syntax should be: All of the answers are correct Straightforward in structure Professional and clear in style and attitude Grammatically correct and coherent

All of the answers are correct

Which of the following statements is true? An author's syntax is determined by grammar rules and conventions. An author's syntax is determined by his or her education level and background. None of the answers are true An author's syntax is determined by the purpose for his or her writing.

An author's syntax is determined by the purpose for his or her writing.

Which of the following sentences does NOT start with a noun phrase? Sitting all day is exhausting. Arms crossed across her chest, the teacher addressed the class. Sue, my next-door neighbor, baked me some cookies. A horrible TV show is about to start. To sleep would be amazing.

Arms crossed across her chest, the teacher addressed the class.

Semantics means: When we take concepts at face value Both the linguistic field of study about the meanings of words, as well as our differentiations between words and sentences based on context. Only our differentiations between words and sentences based on context. Only the linguistic field of study about the meanings of words

Both the linguistic field of study about the meanings of words, as well as our differentiations between words and sentences based on context.

What is the best method of distinguishing between literal meaning and figurative meaning? Context Word choice Length of a given sentence Level of vocabulary

Context

In which language do phonological rules predict how speech sounds will change? Languages with a 26-letter alphabet Every language on Earth Languages descended from Latin English

Every language on Earth

A part of speech is a group of words categorized by their... Function in a sentence Language of origin Phonetic characteristics Dialectical differences

Function in a sentence

Which tense is the verb will have finished in the following sentence? I will have finished my homework by the time my roommate gets home. Present tense Present perfect tense Future tense Future perfect tense Past perfect tense

Future perfect tense

Which of the following sentences contains a prepositional phrase? How many lights are there? He put the flowers on the table. Samuel was reading. The horse ran silently.

He put the flowers on the table.

The study of language is part of the study of what? culture none of these grammar science

culture

Which sentence is a declarative one? Go away! Learning types of sentences is fun. Park the car in front of the garage. Do you exercise every day? What's for dinner?

Learning types of sentences is fun.

Which of the following sentences does NOT contain a verb phrase? Missy is arriving any minute. Missy did already arrive. Missy should be arriving any minute. All sentences have a verb phrase. Missy arrived at the movies.

Missy arrived at the movies.

Does pitch or intonation in English change the meaning of individual words? Yes, but only for some words. Yes, for all words. It depends on who the speakers are. No. Yes, but only for nouns.

No.

Which of these is NOT a part of speech? All of answers are correct. None of the answers are correct. Interjection. Conjunction Preposition

None of the answers are correct.

Which word or term describes the subtle differences in meaning or shades of meaning we associate with words? Literal meaning Signs Figurative meaning Nuance

Nuance

How does phonology differ from phonetics? They two terms are synonymous. Phonology requires a PhD to study it and phonetics can be studied with a bachelor's degree. Phonetics is only concerned with speech sounds in isolation, and phonology is more focused on how speech sounds change and behave when in a syllable, word, or sentence. Phonology is only concerned with speech sounds in isolation, and phonetics is more focused on how sounds change and behave when in a syllable, word, or sentence.

Phonetics is only concerned with speech sounds in isolation, and phonology is more focused on how speech sounds change and behave when in a syllable, word, or sentence.

What is the main component of phonology that phonologists use to predict how speech sounds will change? Phonological syntax None of the answers are correct Phonetics rules Phonological rules

Phonological rules

Which is an imperative sentence? Can you cut the grass today? My teacher yelled at me for not doing my homework. What movie do you want to go see? Please walk the dog. Yesterday I went for a jog in the park.

Please walk the dog.

All of the following are used to categorize vowels EXCEPT? Position of your teeth Whether your lips are rounded or unrounded Position of your tongue from the top to the bottom of your mouth Position of your tongue from the front to the back of your mouth

Position of your teeth

Which tense is the verb have met in the following sentence? I have met many interesting people in my classes. Future perfect tense Present tense Present perfect tense Past perfect tense Past tense

Present perfect tense

You and your friend are having a conversation in English. Your friend asks you: Do you want a new sweater for your birthday? You respond: No, I want a new scarf for my birthday. In your sentence, which word will have a change in intonation to show that it is the focus of the sentence? Scarf Want No Birthday My

Scarf

What do the symbols of the International Phonetics Alphabet represent? Syllables Speech sounds Letters Words

Speech sounds

What is a 'sign' in the linguistic field? That which defines something That which represents something That which points toward meaning That which stops communication

That which represents something

Which of the following BEST describes syntax? The selection of words to cause impact The decision to use MLA or APA formatting The decision as to how to arrange the words in one's writing The elimination of punctuation from one's writing

The decision as to how to arrange the words in one's writing

Which of the following sentences is incorrect? If James goes to school, then he will do well. There were fewer bananas than apples on the counter. He had to choose between oranges and grapes. The first class had less students than the second class.

The first class had less students than the second class.

What is phonology? The study of how speech sounds change in different contexts The study of grammatical rules The study of telecommunications None of the answers are correct

The study of how speech sounds change in different contexts

When producing an 'z' sound, what are your vocal cords doing? They are closed. They are vibrating. Nothing. They are open.

They are vibrating.

What parts of speech are often referred to as ''action words''? Nouns Conjunctions Verbs Interjections

Verbs

Which word contains three different morphemes? unsightly firehouse Michigan rerun

unsightly

All of the following are used to categorize consonants EXCEPT? Whether lips are rounded or unrounded Where in the mouth the sound is produced Vibration of the vocal cords Movement of airflow

Whether lips are rounded or unrounded

An English speaker is talking to the mechanic repairing her car. She wants to stress that the window is broken; not the door, or the windshield, or any other part of the car, but specifically the window. She says the following sentence: I just need you to fix the window; don't do anything to the mirrors or the door. Which word will have a change in intonation to show that it's the focus of the sentence? Mirrors Fix Need Door Window

Window

Which of the following is NOT a syntactical consideration? Word choice Punctuation usage Sentence structure Creative elements

Word choice

If you hear the following two sentences spoken aloud in English, will you be able to hear a difference? Sentence 1: He left his scarf at home. Sentence 2: He left his scarf at home? Yes, the first sentence will fall in pitch at the end because it's a statement. Yes, the second sentence will rise in pitch at the end because it's a question. Yes, the second sentence will fall in pitch at the end because it's a question. No, there is no difference. Yes, the first sentence will rise in pitch at the end because it's a statement.

Yes, the second sentence will rise in pitch at the end because it's a question.

How are languages grouped into families? by shared traits by shared traits and common historical roots by common historical roots by common biological roots

by shared traits and common historical roots

Which word is a lexical morpheme? and of re chair

chair

Which of the following is NOT an example of a phrase in writing? dependent participle gerund noun verb

dependent

Which type of sentence shows strong emotion? declarative interrogative imperative exclamatory subject

exclamatory

Which choice contains the past tense form of the verb to experience that would correctly fill in the blank in the following sentence? I _____ a lot of great things on my trip abroad last summer. will have experienced have experienced had experienced experienced experience

experienced

Choose the past perfect tense form of the verb to finish that would correctly fill in the blank in the following sentence: I _____ three loads of laundry by the time I had to leave. finished will finish had finished have finished will have finished

had finished

What determines whether a language will be part of a large family or not? how easy the language is to learn none of these how many people speak the language how connected the speakers are to other groups of people

how connected the speakers are to other groups of people

What is vocabulary? how words are built into texts how meaning is built into words how meaning is built into sentences how words are built into sentences

how meaning is built into words

Which type of sentence might have an implied subject? period interrogative declarative exclamatory imperative

imperative

Which one of the following parts of speech is used to interrupt flow in a sentence? pronoun adverb conjunction interjection

interjection

Identify which verb in the following sentences represents an erroneous shift in verb tense. I started working when I was sixteen. My first job was at a car wash, where I worked at the cash register. Meeting my coworkers is the best part of the job. I made a lot of good friends at that job. started working in sentence 1 worked in sentence 2 is in sentence 3 was in sentence 2 made in sentence 4

is in sentence 3

Which is a free morpheme? s re ous joy

joy

What two terms are key to defining what language is? communication and families vocabulary and isolation systematic and communication systematic and vocabulary

systematic and communication

What end mark is used for interrogative sentences? comma period question mark apostrophe exclamation mark

question mark

Which of the following is a morpheme? ch sh f re

re

Which of the following is NOT a noun phrase? teeth grinding Beth's car a boy the small, dark alley these are all noun phrases

these are all noun phrases