ch 10
chattel slavery
a form of slavery in which one person owns another
Second World
a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living
first world
a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies
Modernization Theory
a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work
dependency theory
a theory which states that global inequality is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations
If a sociologist says that nations evolve toward more advanced technology and more complex industry as their citizens learn cultural values that celebrate hard work and success, she is using _______ theory to study the global economy.
modernization theory
peripheral nations
nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization
Mike, a college student, rents a studio apartment. He cannot afford a television and lives on cheap groceries like dried beans and ramen noodles. Since he does not have a regular job, he does not own a car. Mike is living in:
relative poverty
relative poverty
the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country
absolute poverty
the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities
global stratification
the unequal distribution of resources between countries
a sociologist working from a symbolic interaction perspective would :
want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-day basis
Gini Coefficient
a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale, in which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality
global feminization of poverty
a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty
subjective poverty
a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one's actual income does not meet one's expectations
third world
a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries
fourth world
a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage
Maya is a twelve-year-old girl living in Thailand. She is homeless, and often does not know where she will sleep or when she will eat. We might say that Maya lives in _________ poverty.
absolute
underground economy
an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections
If a sociologist points out that core nations dominate the global economy, in part by creating global interest rates and international tariffs that will inevitably favor high-income nations over low-income nations, he is a:
dependency theorist
core nations
dominant capitalist countries
a ________ perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealthy corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into local economy, and improving transportation infrastructure
functional
semi-peripheral nations
in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace
One flaw in modernization theory is the unwillingness to recognize _________.
its inherent ethnocentric bias
Faith has a full-time job and two children. She has enough money for the basics and can pay her rent each month, but she feels that, with her education and experience, her income should be enough for her family to live much better than they do. Faith is experiencing:
subjective poverty
in the past, the United States manufactured clothes. many clothing corporations have shut down their U.S factories and relocated to China. this is an ex. of?
capital flight
Slavery in the pre-Civil War U.S. South most closely resembled
chattel slavery
a sociologist who focuses on the way that multinational corporations headquartered in core nations exploit the local workers in their peripheral nation factories is using a ________ perspective to understand the global economy
conflict theory
France might be classified as which kind of nation?
core
dependency theorist explain global inequality and global stratification by focusing on the way that:
core nations exploit peripheral nations
In a U.S. town, a mining company owns all the stores and most of the houses. it sells goods to the workers at inflated prices, offers house rentals for twice what a mortgage would be, and makes sure to always pay the workers less than needed to cover food and rent. once the workers are in debt, they have no choice but to continue working for the company, since their skills will not transfer to a new position. this situation most closely resembles:
debt slavery
one flaw in dependency theory is the unwillingness to recognize _________
that previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations
debt bondage
the act of people pledging themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom
debt accumulation
the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals
global inequality
the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority
Gross National Income (GNI)
the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country
deindustrialization
the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower
capital flight
the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources