CH. 10

Signpost

A guide a speaker givers her or his audience to help the audience keep up with the content of the speech. Can also be used to highlight specific information the speaker thinks is important

Internal preview

A phrase or sentence that gives an audience an idea of what is to come within a section of a speech

Transition

A phrase or sentence that indicates that a speaker is moving from one point to another main point in a speech

Internal summary

Delivered to remind an audience of what they just heard within the speech. They are best used when the information within a specific main point of a speech was complicated

Psychological (organization patterns)

Explains the "a" leads to "b" and "b" leads to "c". It's designed to follow a logical argument, so it lends itself to persuasive speeches easily

Biographical (organization patterns)

Generally used when a speaker want to describe a person's life - either the speaker's own life, the life of someone they know personally, or the life of a famous person. Usually not persuasive, more entertaining

Categorical/topical (organization patterns)

Helps the speaker organize the message in a consistent fashion. The goal is to create categories (or chunks) of information that go together to help support your original specific purpose

Chunking

Involves taking smaller chunks of information and putting them together with like chunks to create more fully developed chunks of information

When creating your main points...

Make sure that they are united, separate, balanced, parallel, and logical

Spatial (organization patterns)

Organizes information according to how things fit together in physical space

Chronological (organization patterns)

Places the main idea in the time order in which items appear: whether backward or forward

General purpose

Refers to the broad goal for creating and delivering the speech

Second main point (casual pattern)

Show how the causes lead to either a specific effect or a small set of effects

Specific purpose

Starts with one of the broad goals (to inform, persuade, or entertain) and then further informs the listener about the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the speech

When a speaker clearly informs an audience what he or she is going to be talking about in a clear and organized manner...

The audience listens for those main points, which leads to higher retention of the speaker's message

Comparison/contrast (organization patterns)

This pattern clearly lends itself easily to 2 main points, but you can also create a 3rd point by giving basic information about what is being compared and what is being contrasted (the basic purpose)

4 specific techniques speakers can use that make following a speech much easier for an audience:

Transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts

First main point (casual pattern)

Typically you will talk about the causes of a phenomenon

Casual (organization patterns)

Used to explain cause-and-effect relationships.

Problem-Cause-Solution (organization patterns)

You describe a problem, identify what you believe is causing the problem, and then recommend a solution to correct the problem