Ch 10 Blood
Rh antigens are separate from ABO antigens and were originally discovered in Rhesus monkeys.
*Anti-Rh antibodies are not automatically made, unlike the antibodies in ABO blood groups. *An Rh- mom carrying her second Rh+ fetus is at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn.
{universal blood types} AB+
*Universal Recipient *Rh antigen *A antigen *B antigen *agglutinate with anti-A sera *agglutinate with anti-B sera
{universal blood types} O-
*Universal donor *Anti-B antibody *Anti-A antibody
Clot Inhibitors
*aspirin *heparin *coumadin
Clot Enhancers
*tissue factors *PF3 *calcium ions *thrombin *fibrinogen *vitamin K
The normal pH of blood is in the range of __________; therefore, a pH of 7.10 would be a condition called __________.
7.35-7.45; acidosis
Normal blood pH falls in a range between ________ to ________.
7.35; 7.45
A person with blood type ____ has antigen A on his or her RBCs.
A
When typing a patient's blood, agglutination occurred with anti-A and anti-Rh antibodies. What is this patient's blood type? a) O positive b) A positive c) AB positive d) B negative
A positive
A person with blood type ____ has antigen B on his or her RBCs.
B
Which type of WBC increases during allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections?
Eosinophils
Which of the following is a hereditary bleeding disorder, commonly called the "bleeder's disease"?
Hemophilia
The doctor sticks your finger, takes some blood, and does a WBC count. The count (12,500 cells/mm3) indicates leukocytosis. What could you conclude?
It is a high WBC count, indicating a bacterial or viral infection.
What is the most numerous type of white blood cell, and an active phagocyte that increases rapidly during acute infections?
Neutrophil
Donor and recipient blood types are A positive. Mixing recipient serum with donor RBCs caused agglutination. No agglutination occurred when donor serum was mixed with recipient RBCs. Is the blood safe for transfusion? a) No, the donor blood has antibodies that will react with recipient RBCs. b) No, antibodies in the recipient's plasma are interacting with some unidentified antigen on the donor RBCs. c) Yes, typing and cross matching show that the donor blood is compatible with the recipient's blood type. d) No, antibodies in the recipient's blood will cross-react with antibodies in the donor blood.
No, antibodies in the recipient's plasma are interacting with some unidentified antigen on the donor RBCs.
A person with blood type _____ has neither A nor B antigen on his or her RBCs.
O
The immune serum used to prevent maternal sensitization to Rh antigens is ________.
RhoGAM
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
To increase fluid loss
{blood transfusions} A person with type AB- blood could receive ______, _______, _______, or _______.
Type A- blood; type B- blood; type AB- blood; type O- blood.
{blood transfusions} A person with type O+ blood could receive ________ or ________.
Type O+ blood; Type O- blood
Which of these indicates leukocytosis? a) WBC count higher than 11,000 cells/mm3 b) WBC count between 5-10,000 cells/mm3 c) WBC count lower than 4,000 cells/mm3 d) hemoglobin value less than 12mg/100 ml blood
WBC count higher than 11,000 cells/mm3
A persistent clot in an unbroken blood vessel is known as ________.
a thrombus
A protein in the plasma that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is __________.
albumin
An important plasma protein that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is ________.
albumin
Which of these functions to maintain osmotic pressure and pH balance? a) globulin b) fibrinogen c) albumin d) urea
albumin
Any substance the body deems as foreign is an __________ and the response molecules that react are called __________.
antigen, antibodies
Substances that the body recognizes as foreign are called ________.
antigens
Which leukocytes release histamine during the inflammatory response? a) neutrophils b) monocytes c) basophils d) eosinophils
basophils
The ion essential for blood clotting is ________.
calcium
Which of these is a plasma electrolyte? a) platelet b) urea c) chloride d) albumin
chloride
Hemostasis, involving three major phases including vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting, is called __________.
coagulation
The process whereby the binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump is called ________.
coagulation
What triggers the adherence of platelets to the wall of an injured blood vessel? a) thrombin activation b) vascular spasm c) endothelium d) collagen fibers
collagen fibers
Blood is a complex __________ tissue and is the only __________ tissue in the body.
connective, fluid
A woman with blood type O has a baby with type O. The father __________.
could be A, B or O, but could not be AB
Which formed element is the most abundant in blood?
erythrocyte
The hematocrit is the percentage of ________.
erythrocytes in blood
The meshwork structure of a proper clot is due largely to the __________ threads that trap the red blood cells.
fibrin
Which of the following is characteristic of whole blood? a) five times the viscosity of water b) volume in men of about 8 liters c) hematocrit of 60% d) pH of 7
five times the viscosity of water
The living cells and cell fragments in blood are called the __________ elements and include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and __________.
formed, platelets
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are alike in that they __________.
granulocytes
Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells __________.
have nuclei
Which of these is a normal value for whole blood? a) pH: 6.8 to 7.2 b) hematocrit: 45% c) erythrocytes: 4,000 to 6,000 thousand per mm3 of blood d) water: 65% of plasma volume
hematocrit: 45%
The formation of an insoluble clot during hemostasis is termed ________.
hematopoiesis
All formed elements arise from a single type of stem cell named a __________.
hemocytoblast
Which cell the precursor of all types of blood-formed elements? a) hemocytoblast b) lymphoid stem cell c) megakaryocytes d) myeloid stem cell
hemocytoblast
The molecule most responsible for carrying oxygen in blood is known as __________.
hemoglobin
The condition in which maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the baby's RBCs is called ________.
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hereditary bleeding disorders that result from lack of clotting factors are referred to as ________.
hemophilia
What disorder is associated with a deficiency of clotting factors? a) embolism b) thrombosis c) hemophilia d) thrombocytopenia
hemophilia
The rapid sequence of vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, and coagulation is known as __________.
hemostasis
Which of the following inhibits clot formation? a) serotonin b) tissue factor c) serum d) heparin
heparin
Pernicious anemia is caused by lack of vitamin B12 absorption by the small intestine. What substance is lacking or in low concentrations that causes this condition? a) iron b) histamine c) intrinsic factor d) erythropoietin
intrinsic factor
When oxygen levels are low, the __________ is/are stimulated to release __________.
kidneys; erythropoietin
Accounting for about 1 percent of total blood volume, __________ form a protective, movable army to defend the body against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells.
leukocytes
Which blood cells are responsible for fighting infections? a) globulins b) platelets c) leukocytes d) erythrocytes
leukocytes
A total white blood cell count above 11,000 cells/mm3 is a condition known as ________.
leukocytosis
What term refers to a deficiency of white blood cells? a) polycythemia b) leuocytosis c) leukopenia d) leukemia
leukopenia
Each of the following is a characteristic of red blood cells EXCEPT that they __________.
live about 30 days
The largest of all the white blood cells (WBCs) is the __________.
monocyte
Which of the following cells are classified as granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Which patient might be diagnosed with physiologic jaundice? a) individual with liver disease b) person with malaria c) elderly male d) newborn baby
newborn baby
What type of anemia is associated with atrophy of the stomach mucosa in the elderly? a) hemolytic anemia b) pernicious anemia c) aplastic anemia d) iron-deficiency anemia
pernicious anemia
Composed of approximately 90 percent water, over 100 different substances are dissolved in this straw-colored fluid called __________.
plasma
Which of these formed elements is responsible for stopping bleeding? a) monocyte b) lymphocyte c) neutrophil d) platelet
platelet
What is the basis of the ABO blood groups? a) presence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma b) Rh blood groups c) presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of RBCs d) antigens in the blood plasma
presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of RBCs
Where does hematopoiesis produce new red blood cells?
red bone marrow
*neither an enhancer or inhibitor*
serum
Which anemia is caused by a genetic mutation? a) hemolytic anemia b) sickle cell anemia c) pernicious anemia d) aplastic anemia
sickle cell anemia
Blood is ________.
slightly alkaline
While blood typing, the sample is mixed with anti-A serum and anti-B serum. There is no agglutination. You could conclude that __________.
the sample is type O
Which clotting factor converts fibrinogen to fibrin? a) calcium b) platelets c) thrombin d) serum
thrombin
Each of the following occurs when blood clots after a cut EXCEPT __________.
thrombin converts fibrin into fibrinogen
{blood transfusions} A person with type A- blood could receive _____ or _____.
type A- blood; type O- blood.
{blood transfusions} A person with type B+ blood could receive ________, _______, ________ or _________.
type B+ blood; type B- blood; type O+ blood; type O- blood.
What blood type has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma? a) type Rh-negative b) type O c) type AB d) type Rh-positive
type O
What blood type can a person with O negative blood receive in a transfusion? a) type AB negative b) type AB positive c) type O negative d) type O positive
type O negative
Which of these occurs first in hemostasis? a) thrombus formation b) fibrin activation c) platelet plug formation d) vascular spasm
vascular spasm
Bleeding disorders often result from a lack of which one of the following vitamins ________.
vitamin K
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
1) Rh- mother delivers healthy first Rh+ baby. 2) Rh- is exposed to Rh+ antigens. 3) Rh- mother makes anti-Rh antibodies. 4) Rh- mother is pregnant with second Rh+ baby. 5) Anti- Rh bodies cross the placenta. 6) Anti- Rh antibodies destroy Rh+ baby's RBC. {RhoGAM is an artificial immunoglobulin used to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn. During childbirth of the first Rh+ baby to an Rh- mother, RhoGAM is injected to prevent sensitization and production of anti-Rh antibodies. Then, during the second pregnancy with an Rh+ baby, there are no anti-Rh antibodies to cross the placenta and harm the fetus.}
A person with blood type _____ has both A and B antigens on his or her RBCs.
AB
The blood type that contains both antigens A and B is ________.
AB