Ch 10 - Blood - A&P - Pearson

platelets

Fragments of megakaryocytes that rupture into pieces and are responsible for clotting are called ___________. platelets: Correct. Platelets are important to control blood loss and clotting.

most flat bones and the epiphyses of certain long bones

Hematopoiesis primarily occurs in: most flat bones and the epiphyses of certain long bones.: Correct. These are the locations of red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue.

the second-born Rh+ baby of an Rh- mother

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is most likely to occur in

coagulation

Hemostasis, involving three major phases including vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting, is called _______.

Hemophilia.

Hereditary bleeding disorders that result from lack of clotting factors are referred to as ________.

Fetal HbF has a greater ability to bind oxygen and binds it more strongly than adult HbA.

How does fetal hemoglobin differ from that of the adult?

The stem cell (megakaryocyte) undergoes mitosis many times, forming a large multinucleate cell, which then fragments into platelets.

How is the production of platelets different from that of all other formed elements?

Plasma proteins create the osmotic pressure that helps to maintain plasma volume and draws leaked fluid back into circulation. Hence, a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins would result in a reduced plasma volume.

How would a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins affect plasma volume?

people with types AB, A, B, or O

If a person has type AB blood, then that person can receive blood from which type donors?

approximately 1 percent of blood volume

In a normal sample of centrifuged blood, the buffy coat accounts for: approximately 1 percent of blood volume.: Correct. The buffy coat contains the white blood cells and platelets, which only make up a small fraction of blood.

To increase fluid loss

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood? Correct. This is false. Blood itself cannot regulate fluid gain or loss.

To increase fluid loss

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood? To increase fluid loss.: Correct. Blood itself cannot regulate fluid gain or loss.

All of the above are types of formed elements

Which of the following is NOT a type of formed element? Erythrocytes. Leukocytes. Platelets.

Thrombus

Which of the following is a clot that forms and persists in an uninjured vessel?

Hemophilia

Which of the following is a hereditary bleeding disorder, commonly called the "bleeder's disease"? Correct. This hereditary disorder results from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting.

Leukocytes

Which of the following is an example of a formed element in blood?

thrombin converts fibrin into fibrinogen

Which of the following processes DOES NOT occur when blood clots. Correct. This statement is false because fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.

Blood clotting

Which of the following terms is unrelated in function to the others? Correct. The other terms relate to immune responses.

Blood clotting

Which of the following terms is unrelated to the others? Blood clotting.: Correct. The other terms relate to immune responses.

Antigen

Which of the following terms refers to a molecule that the body recognizes as foreign?

blood type O

Which of these blood types carries no antigens?

Basophils

Which of these cells produce histamine and are involved in allergic reactions?

sweet tasting

Which one of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of blood:

they initiate the clotting process

Which one of the following is NOT true of WBCs:

Diapedesis

Which term refers to the movement of white blood cells between endothelial cells lining the capillary walls, to enter the tissue?

have nuclei

Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells _______. Correct. Mature red blood cells are anucleate.

The self-antigens (agglutinogens) the RBCs bear.

What are the classes of human blood groups based on?

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

What are the three major categories of formed elements?

Leukemia, pernicious anemia, and clotting disorders are particularly common in the elderly.

What blood-related disorders are particularly common in the elderly?

The color of blood varies with the amount of oxygen it is carrying. From most oxygen to least, the blood goes from scarlet to dull red or purple.

What determines whether blood is bright red (scarlet) or dull red?

Inactivity, leading to blood pooling, and anything that roughens or damages the lining of a blood vessel (laceration, atherosclerosis, or physical trauma).

What factors enhance the risk of thrombus formation in intact blood vessels?

An antigen is a substance foreign to the body that activates and is attacked by the immune system. An antibody is a protein released by immune cells that binds with a specific antigen and inactivates it in some way.

What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?

O

What is the most common blood type in the U.S. population?

Neutrophil

What is the most numerous type of white blood cell, and an active phagocyte that increases rapidly during acute infections? Correct. Neutrophils serve as part of the nonspecific immune system.

The hemocytoblast gives rise to all formed elements.

What is the name of the stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements?

A transfusion reaction in which the RBCs are lysed and hemoglobin enters the bloodstream, potentially leading to kidney shutdown.

What is the probable result of infusing mismatched blood?

Hemoglobin transports oxygen and a small amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

What is the role of hemoglobin in the red blood cell?

Lack of a nucleus; therefore, they cannot carry out transcription and translation to produce proteins (enzymes and others).

What property of RBCs dooms them to a limited life span of about 120 days?

kidneys; erythropoietin

When oxygen levels are low, the _______ is/are stimulated to release _______. Correct. This hormone targets the bone marrow to turn out more red blood cells to increase the blood's ability to transport oxygen.

kidneys, erythropoietin

When oxygen levels are low, the _______ is/are stimulated to release _________. kidneys, erythropoietin: Correct. This hormone targets the bone marrow to turn out more red blood cells to increase the blood's ability to transport oxygen.

AB

Which blood type allows a patient to be a universal recipient?

blood type O

Which blood type(s) can a person with blood type O receive:

Types B and O

Which blood types can be transfused into a person with type B blood?

The liver is the major source of plasma proteins.

Which body organ plays the main role in producing plasma proteins?

serotonin

Which chemical is released to bring about vasoconstriction during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis:

Neutrophils

Which of the following cells are active phagocytes?

live about 30 days

Which of the following characteristic of red blood cells is FALSE. Correct. This is false. Red blood cells may live as long as 120 days.

have nuclei

Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells _________. have nuclei: Correct. Mature red blood cells are anucleate.

leukemia

Very young and very old patients are more likely to develop leukocytosis, which may be indicative of:

a clot that breaks away and attempts to flow through a vessel in the brain that is too narrow.

A cerebral embolus can be caused from

albumin

A protein in the plasma that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is _______. Correct. An increase in albumin increases the osmolarity of the blood, thus drawing water into the circulatory system.

albumin

A protein in the plasma which contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is ________. albumin: Correct. An increase in albumin increases the osmolarity of the blood, thus drawing water into the circulatory system.

could be A, B or O, but could not be AB

A woman with blood type O has a baby with type O. The father _______. Correct. The father is required to contribute one gene for O.

could be A, B or O; but in no way AB

A woman with blood type O has a baby with type O. The father _______. could be A, B or O; but in no way AB: Correct. The father is required to contribute only one gene for O.

include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Formed elements of the blood:

leukocytes

Accounting for about 1 percent of total blood volume, _______ form a protective, movable army to defend the body against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells.

monocytes

Active macrophages that work in long-term cleanup of tissues are called __________. monocytes: Correct. These help clean up tissues.

True

All formed elements arise from a common type of stem cell called a hemocytoblast.

hemocytoblast

All formed elements arise from a single type of stem cell named a _______.

hemoglobin

Although it carries much oxygen, _______ is more attracted to pesticides and carbon monoxide. Correct. Hemoglobin has greater bonding affinity to carbon monoxide than to oxygen.

hemoglobin

Although it carries much oxygen, __________ is more attracted to pesticides and carbon monoxide. hemoglobin: Correct. Hemoglobin has greater bonding affinity to carbon monoxide over oxygen.

hemophilia

An hereditary bleeding disorder resulting from a lack of clotting factors is called ____.

reticulocyte

An immature RBC which contains some endoplasmic reticulum is called a(n) ________.

antigen, antibodies

Any substance the body deems as foreign is an _______ and the response molecules that react are called _______.

vitamin K

Bleeding disorders often result from a lack of which one of the following vitamins:

hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation is called __________ and occurs in red bone marrow.

connective, fluid

Blood is a complex _______ tissue and is the only _______ tissue in the body.

Red marrow

By seven months gestation, what becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis in a fetus?

platelets

Fragments of megakaryocytes that rupture into pieces and are responsible for clotting are called _______. Correct. Platelets are important for controlling blood loss and clotting.

O-positive

Cary is bleeding profusely after being hit by a truck as he was pedaling his bike home. At the hospital, the nurse asked him whether he knew his blood type. He told her that he "had the same blood as most other people." What is his ABO blood type?

cross matching

Compatibility testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipients' serum is called:

plasma

Composed of approximately 90 percent water, over 100 different substances are dissolved in this straw-colored fluid called _______.

Serotonin

During hemostasis, which chemical is released by the platelet plug to trigger vessel spasms that in turn decrease blood loss?

live about 30 days

Each of the following is a characteristic of red blood cells EXCEPT that they ________. live about 30 days: Correct. Red blood cells may live as long as 120 days.

thrombin converts fibrin into fibrinogen

Each of the following occurs when blood clots after a cut EXCEPT __________.

thrombin converts fibrin into fibrinogen

Each of the following occurs when blood clots after a cut EXCEPT: thrombin converts fibrin into fibrinogen.: Correct. This statement is correct because fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.

Anemia

Little Lisa is pale and fatigued. What disorder of erythrocytes might she be suffering from?

are granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are alike in that they __________. are granulocytes: Correct. Other types of while blood cells are agranulocytes.

are granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are alike in that they _______. Correct. Other types of white blood cells are agranulocytes.

12-18

Normal whole blood contains __________ g of hemoglobin per 100 mL.

megakaryocytes

Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called:

It is a high WBC count, indicating a bacterial or viral infection.

The doctor sticks your finger, takes some blood, and does a WBC count. The count (12,500 cells/mm3) indicates leukocytosis. What could you conclude? Correct. Normal WBC counts are between 3000 and 5000 cells/mm3.

lymph

The fluid that leaks into the tissues from the blood is __________. lymph: Correct. The lymphoid system is responsible for draining this fluid back into the circulatory system.

coagulation

The formation of an insoluble clot during hemostasis is termed ________.

erythropoietin

The hormone that regulates the rate of erythrocyte production is called:

monocyte

The largest of all the white blood cells (WBCs) is the _______. Correct. These are the largest of all the white blood cells.

monocyte

The largest of all the white blood cells (WBCs) is the: monocyte.: Correct. These are the largest of all the white blood cells.

formed, platelets

The living cells and cell fragments in blood are called the _______ elements and include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and _______.

fibrin

The meshwork structure of a proper clot is due largely to the _______ threads that trap the red blood cells.

hemoglobin

The molecule most responsible for carrying oxygen in blood is known as _______.

neutrophils

The most numerous white blood cells are the:

7.35-7.45; acidosis

The normal pH of blood is in the range of _______; therefore, a pH of 7.10 would be a condition called _______. Correct. The normal, slightly alkaline pH range of blood is 7.35 to 7.45. A pH of 7.10 would indicate the blood has become too acidic, a condition called acidosis.

7.35 - 7.45, acidosis

The normal pH of blood is in the range of____; therefore, a pH of 7.10 would be a condition called ____. 7.35 - 7.45, acidosis: Correct. The normal, slightly alkaline pH range of blood is in the range of 7.35 to 7.45. A pH of 7.10 would indicate the blood has become too acidic, a condition called acidosis.

diapedesis

The process by which white blood cells move into and out of the blood vessels is called _______. Correct. White blood cells can roam within blood and tissues in this manner to detect and attack pathogens.

agglutination

The process whereby the binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump is called

hemostasis

The rapid sequence of vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, and coagulation is known as _______. Correct. Hemostasis is the stoppage of blood flow.

Lymphocyte

Which type of WBC has cytoplasm which appears as a thin rim around a spherical, or slightly indented, nucleus in histological microscopy? Lymphocyte.: Correct. This is one of the easiest lymphocytes to identify under the microscope.

Eosinophils

Which type of WBC increases during allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections? Correct. Under normal conditions these cells are very rare.

Eosinophils

Which type of WBC increases during allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections? Eosinophils.: Correct. Under normal conditions these cells are very rare.

Basophil

Which type of WBC releases histamine at sites of inflammation? Basophil.: Correct. The release of histamine allows fluid to flood the infected area.

Erythrocytes

Which type of blood cell differs from others because it is anucleate?

Lymphocytes are the main actors in body immunity.

Which white blood cells are most important in body immunity?

the sample is type O

While blood typing, the sample is mixed with anti-A serum and anti-B serum. There is no agglutination. You could conclude that _______. Correct. Any agglutination would indicate the presence of A or B antibodies. Type O blood lacks these antibodies.

the sample is type O.

While blood typing, the sample is mixed with anti-A serum and anti-B serum. There is no agglutination. You could conclude that:

The kidneys produce most of the body's erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow.

Why do many people with advanced kidney disease become anemic?