Ch. 10: Photosynthesis

Three

For one G3P must take in ____ CO2

bundle-sheath

Four carbons compounds are sent to _________ cells, where they release CO2 that is then used in bundle-sheath cells, which also have chloroplasts.

Stomata

On hot, dry days, plants close ______ which lock in water but keeps CO2 from coming in.

700

Photo system I is best at absorbing a wavelength of ___ nm

oxygen

Photoautotrophs give off _____ as a by-product

50

Photorespiration drains as much ___% of the carbon fixed in a Calvin cycle.

C3

Photorespiration is used in ___ plants.

Redox, endergonic

Photosynthesis is a ____ process and _____ process

Reversing

Photosynthesis is a ______ direction of electron flow compared to respiration

680

Photosystem II is going to function first. It functions best at absorbing at ____ nm.

reaction center, light-harvesting

Photosystems consists of a ____ ______ complex (a type of protein complex) surrounded by ____ -_______complexes

cellular respiration

Plants undergo _____ _______ also.

P700

Reaction center chlorophyll a of PSI is called _____.

p680

Reaction center chlorophyll a of PSII is called _____

Okay

Read. Press okay when done. Photosystem harvests light by absorbing wavelengths into accessory pigments which pass energy to a pair of chlorophyll a in the reaction center complex, then the electrons get excited and the primary electron acceptor gets them.

okay

Read. Press okay when done. Some organisms such as purple sulfur bacteria have PS I but not PS II cyclic electron flow is thought to have evolved before linear electron flow.

Okay

Read. Press okay when done. Spatial organization, where the electron transport chain is placed, in mitochondria the electron transport chain is one big thing and in the chloroplasts, the electron transport chain is present and so are the photosystems.

6CO₂+6H₂O+light energy→C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂

Summary of photosynthesis equation

Chemiosmosis

chloroplasts and mitochondria both make ATP by _______.

Photosynthesis

converts solar energy into chemical energy.

CAM

crassulacean acid metabolism (succulents)

True

true or false. Leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light.

True

true or false. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, certain protists, and some prokaryotes

Roy G. biv

way to remember the electromagnetic spectrum

Accessory pigments

what are the carotenoids and the chlorophyll b considered to be?

1883

year that the action spectrum with the two peaks was demonstrated by Engelmann

Stroma

ATP and NADPH are produced on the side facing the _____, where the Calvin cycle takes place.

photoautotrophs

Almost all plants are ________, using sunlight energy to make organic molecules.

Oxygen, photorespiration

Alternative mechanism for carbon fixation causes a buildup of____. These conditions favor an unfavorable process called ________.

Leaves

major locations of photosynthesis.

Spectrophotometer

measures pigments ability to absorb different wavelengths

Heterotrophs

obtain organic material from other organisms. They depend on photoautotrophs for food and oxygen.

Thylakoids

one pancake inside chloroplasts

CAM plants

open stomata at night, which decreases water loss, and allows oxygen to go out and gains CO2 that are converted into organic acids. When stomata close during the day, the CO2 can be released from organic acids.

Autotrophs

organisms that make their own food

Light reactions

photo part of photosynthesis

Autotrophs

produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules.

Action spectrum

profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process. So action spectrum would be what works best for photosynthesis

Spectrophotometer

sends light through pigments and measures the fraction of light transmitted or absorbed at each wavelength

Granum

stack of pancakes in chloroplasts

Calvin cycle

synthesis part of photosynthesis

Chlorophyll a

the main photosynthetic pigment

reflected, transmitted

Wavelengths that are not absorb are ______ or ______.

Visible light

the wavelengths that produce the colors that we see

ATP, NADPH

Both photo systems I and II will produce ___ and ____, proton gradient.

Regenerates

Calvin cycle _____ starting material after materials enter and leave the cycle

carbon fixation

Calvin cycle begins with ______ ________, which incorporates carbon dioxide into organic molecules.

ATP, NADPH, CO2, sugar

Calvin cycle uses chemical energy of ___ and _____to reduce ___ to ____.

stroma

Calvin cycle, occurs in ______, forms sugar from carbon dioxide, using ATP and NADPH

CO2, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Carbon enters the calvin cycle as ___ and is going to leave as _______ _________ (G3P)

mesophyll

Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of _______, the interior tissue of the leaf.

Sugar, oxygen

Chloroplasts are going to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and take the electrons from hydrogens and put them in ____ molecules and ____ is going to be a by-product (however, oxygen is still used to make ATP).

Light, food

Chloroplasts use ____ energy that is transferred into chemical energy when ATP is made; Mitochondria gains energy through ___.

NADPH, ATP

Cyclic electron flow makes ATP, but it does not make ______. No oxygen is released. It gives us extra ___, that can be shuttled to the Calvin cycle.

I

Cyclic electron flow only uses photosystem _.

wavelengths

Different pigments absorb different _______.

Cyclic, linear

During light reactions, there are two possible routes for electron flow, which are ____ and _____.

Carbon fixation, Reduction, Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor

Name the three phases of the Calvin cycle

Electrons, Oxygen, II, I, proton gradient, chemiosmosis

In a linear electron flow, water is split by enzymes and _____ are transferred from the hydrogen atoms to p680+, thus reducing it to P680. _____ is a byproduct. Electron falls down an electron transport chain from primary electron acceptor of PS __ to PS _. Energy released by fall drives the creation of ____ _____.As hydrogen ions move across the membrane via diffusion we are going to drive ATP synthesis. As move down the electron transport chain, ATP is made via _______. Electron moved to p700. Electon gets excited through the accessory pigments receiving light and the electron is passed to the electron acceptor. The electron then goes through another electron transport chain that makes NADPH using the enzyme NADP+ reductase. Now NADPH is available for the Calvin cycle.

Intermembrane, matrix, thylakoid, stroma

In mitochondria, the protons are pumped into the _______ space and then come back into the mitochondrial _____. In chloroplasts, protons are pumped into _____ space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse into the _____.

O2, CO2, 2

In photorespiration, rubisco adds ___ instead of ____ in the Calvin cycle, creating a _-carbon compound.

Oxidized, reduced

In photosynthesis, Water is ____ and carbon dioxide is _____.

photons

Light also behaves as if it consists of discrete particles, called ______

unstable, fluorescence

Light comes into system and chlorophyll a absorbs the light, and it goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is highly _____. When excited electrons fall back down to ground state, then photons are given off, with an afterglow called _______. If you don't use those electrons falling back from the excited state, then you get fluorescence. You don't want fluorescence.

accessory

Light harvesting complexes are the ______ pigments

electromagnetic energy

Light is a form of __________, or called electromagnetic radiation

thylakoid, photophosphorylation

Light reaction takes place in a ________, split water, release oxygen, reduce NADP+ to NADPH, generate ATP from ADP by _________

receptors

Light reactions are going to use photosynthetic pigments as _______.

rhythmic

Light travels in ______ waves

primary

Linear electron flow, _____ pathway, involves both photo systems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy.

chlorophyll

The green color comes mainly from _______, the green pigment within chloroplasts.

thylakoid membrane

The green pigment, chlorophyll, is on the _____ ________

lower, shorter

The longer the wavelength, the ______ the energy. The ______ the wavelength, the higher the energy.

One

You can only take ___ CO2 per Calvin Cycle.

C3

__ plants undergo normal Calvin cycle, the initial fixation via enzyme rubisco forms 3 carbon molecule, G3P.

C4, PEP carboxylase, higher, low

___ plants minimize photorespiration by incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells. This step requires enzyme __ ________, which has a _____ affinity for CO2 than rubisco does; it can use CO2 even when carbon dioxide concentrations are really __.

Electromagnetic spectrum

______ _______ is the entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation

Pigments

_______ are going to absorb visible light

Photorespiration

_______ is a way to get rid of some of the oxygen buildup.

Photorespiration

_______ uses oxygen and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar.

wavelength

________ is going to tell us the type of electromagnetic energy

Alternative

________ mechanisms of carbon fixation that have evolved in hot, arid climates

Absorption spectrum

a graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength

violet blue, red

absorption spectrum of Chlorophyll a suggests that ____ ____ and ____ light work best for photosynthesis

Wavelength

distance between crests of waves

ATP, electrons, NADPH

electrons Calvin cycle builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ___ and the reducing power of ____ carried by the _____.

Stroma

liquid in chloroplasts