Ch. 10 Psychology 101 (Launchpad)

Which statement about the development of peer relations in adolescence is true?

The typical pattern of peer relation development is formation of same-sex cliques followed by formation of mixed-sex cliques and then couples.

_____ are specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation.

Reflexes

_____ refer(s) to bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but are not directly involved in reproduction.

Secondary sex characteristics

How are the brains of older adults and younger adults different as it relates to older adults maintaining their cognitive functioning?

The brains of older adults show more bilateral symmetry.

Your friend is pregnant, and she continues to smoke cigarettes. Based on what you know from the chapter, which outcome is MOST likely?

The child will have attention and learning deficits.

What statement is the MOST accurate for children living in the United States?

The onset of puberty for boys and girls is earlier than it used to be.

Seven-month-old José is given a kind of cracker that he has never eaten before. He promptly puts it into his mouth and eats it. According to Piaget, he is demonstrating:

assimilation.

When infants apply their schemas in novel situations, they are engaging in:

assimilation.

The idea that quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance is what Jean Piaget termed:

conservation.

Developmental psychology is the study of:

continuity and change across the life span.

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are in the _____ stage of moral development.

conventional

Morality is determined primarily by the extent to which it conforms to social rules in the _____ state of moral development.

conventional

Tommy, a 14 year-old boy, makes his moral decisions based on how they fit in withconform to the rules of his group of friends. Into which stage of development would Kohlberg place Tommy?

conventional

Survey results suggest that happiness _____ after children are born.

decreases

Sex education during adolescence is associated with:

decreases in the number of teenage pregnancies.

Most children first understand that different people have different:

desires.

A large study of day care in North America found that infants were likely to be insecurely attached if they attended day care and their:

mothers were not very responsive or sensitive

According to the moral intuitionist perspective:

negative emotional reactions to others' pain begin early in life and guide moral reasoning.

Jean Piaget called the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible:

object permanence.

People tend to have fewer friends as they get older because:

older people are more selective in the company they keep.

Which factor is the MOST important in predicting at what age a child will develop a theory of mind?

the child's language skills

What area of the brain experiences rapid growth of synapses and subsequent elimination of those synapses that are not used often during adolescence?

the prefrontal cortex

The adolescent growth spurt begins in girls at about age _____ and in boys at about age _____.

10; 12

The development of neurons in the frontal and parietal lobes accelerates through childhood and ends at around age:

12

How long after the sperm penetrates the egg will the nuclei of the two cells merge?

12 hours

A single human sperm cell and a single human egg cell each contain _____ chromosomes.

23

A newborn human baby's brain is approximately _____ percent of its adult size.

25

Each zygote contains _____ chromosomes.

46

Among sexually active U.S. teens, about _____ percent report using a condom during their most recent intercourse.

50

Yasmin is able to sit without support. She is probably at least _____ month(s) old.

6

According to Piaget, the concrete operational stage of cognitive development begins at _____ and ends at about age _____.

6 years; 11 years

Your friend is pregnant with her first child. She wonders if she could have an occasional glass of wine with dinner. After reading the chapter, what do you advise?

Doctors don't really know how much is too much, so she shouldn't drink any alcohol just to be safe.

Which adolescent is MOST likely to experience negative consequences?

Gloria, who matures earlier than her same-sex peers

Which statement explains why the human brain is NOT completely developed at birth?

Human brains are highly adaptive, and a fully developed brain at birth would not allow a person to successfully adapt to his or her environment.

The view that cognitive development is largely the result of the child's interaction with members of her or his culture instead of interaction with objects was proposed by:

Lev Vygotsky

Unlike Piaget, _____ believed that cognitive development was largely the result of the child's interaction with members of his or her own culture rather than his or her interaction with objects.

Lev Vygotsky

Which child will MOST likely have acquired a theory of mind?

Lindsey, a 6-year-old deaf child who has been using sign language since before her first birthday

Which couple is MOST apt to report the highest marital satisfaction?

Tonya and Mark, who do not have children

A male zygote results from a(n):

X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father.

Even when they were very young, Casey would show signs of distress if her fraternal twin Cole were crying, reaching over to pat her sister on the back. The intuitionist perspective would suggest that such behavior represents:

an aversion to the suffering of other people.

Daniel does not communicate well with others. As a result, he has few friends and does not understand the emotions of others. Although he has profound social deficits, his score on a standardized intelligence test was in the normal range. Daniel MOST likely has which disorder?

autism

Eleven-month-old Ashley plays without a fuss when her mother leaves and on her return ignores her. Ashley is demonstrating which type of attachment style?

avoidant

According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage begins at _____ and ends at about age _____.

birth; 2 years

As children watched, Dr. Vallance poured the same amount of juice into two identical glasses. Then she poured the juice from one of those glasses into a taller, narrower glass. When asked which glass now has more juice, children in the concrete operational stage say that:

both glasses have the same amount.

Which of these is a secondary sex characteristic?

breast enlargement in girls

A researcher showed children a crayon box and opened it to reveal candy instead of crayons. Then she closed the box and asked the children what they originally had thought was in it. Most 3-year-olds said _____, and most 5-year-olds said _____.

candy; crayons

According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, a child who can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conservation of physical properties is in what stage of cognitive development?

concrete operational

In general, married people _____ than single, widowed, or divorced people.

earn more money

Beatriz is 2 years old; when her brother tells her to hide, she covers her face with a blanket. This is a good example of:

egocentrism.

Piaget suggested that young children have trouble understanding other people's points of view because of:

egocentrism.

Elsa and Ariela were discussing what might happen if the United States were to elect a woman as president. It is likely they are in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

The identical twin of a gay man has a 50 percent chance of being gay, but the fraternal twin of a gay man has only a 15 percent chance of being gay. This suggests that:

genetic factors play a large role in influencing sexual orientation in men.

The _____ stage lasts approximately _____ week(s), beginning at conception.

germinal; two

Among _____, it is those who reach puberty _____ than their peers who are most likely to experience negative consequences ranging from distress to delinquency.

girls; earlier

The sucking reflex:

grows weaker over the first several months of life.

Maria and Carlos purchase a mobile for their newborn's crib to keep his attention. After a period of time, the infant may stop paying attention to the mobile. This is an example of which process?

habituation

The general consensus among scientists is that:

happier people tend to get married, and marriage makes them even happier.

Compared with married people, single people:

have less frequent sex.

Some studies suggest that teens who take an "abstinence pledge" during the course of abstinence-only education:

have sex at the same rate as teens who receive sex education but are less likely to use birth control.

Research on sexual orientation supports the observation that homosexuality is:

heavily influenced by genes and biology.

Newly hatched ducklings and goslings follow the first moving object to which they are exposed. According to Konrad Lorenz, the hatchlings are showing:

imprinting.

Infants are able to mimic the facial expressions of adults:

in the first hour of life.

The possibility that infants as young as 4 months of age have some knowledge of object permanence has been shown by studies in which:

infants view "possible" and "impossible" events.

There is much variability in the rate that children acquire a theory of mind. Among the factors that have been identified, _____ seems to be the most important.

language

In Kohlberg's research and theoretical perspectives on moral development:

people must go through the stages in a certain order.

Paula is a 9-year-old girl who is experiencing a growth spurt. This indicates that she is entering:

puberty.

At birth, an infant is able to do all of these EXCEPT:

reach for a bottle.

The timing of motor development in infants is influenced by all of these EXCEPT the infants':

rooting strength.

In Piaget's view, _____ are theories about or models of the way the world works.

schemas

Alexa puts every object she can reach into her mouth. Alexa is MOST likely in Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.

sensorimotor

Linda and Mike have an 11-year-old daughter who has begun going through puberty at age 10. Linda and Mike should be aware that all of these are effects of early maturation EXCEPT:

their daughter will have more time than her peers to develop adolescent social skills.

Knowing that people have different mental representations of the world is a characteristic of:

theory of mind.

Harry Harlow found that the social and cognitive deficits exhibited by monkeys raised in isolation for their first six months of life:

were severe and long-lasting.

Marital satisfaction is lowest:

when children are in diapers and again in adolescence. when children are in grade school. when children leave home.

Rosemary is a typical 70-year-old woman. Most probably, she spends her free time:

with people and hobbies that provide positive experiences