ch 10 questions

dementia, anemia, convulsions, depression, and confusion are all signs of what vitamin deficiency?

B-6

what is a toxic amino acid (vitamin B-6 plays a vital role in keeping it form accumulating in the blood)?

homocysteine

what helps hold the watery and fatty ingredients together in a product?

lecithin

what is a total parenteral solution?

a liquid mixture that provides nourishment to those who are unable to eat normally and is administered intravenously

the neural tube in the human embryo eventually develops into the (2)...

brain and spinal cord

a swollen and sore tongue is a possible sign of the riboflavin deficiency condition known as...

ariboflavinosis

fatigue, inflammation of mucus membranes lining mouth and throat, glossitis, and cheilosis are signs of...

ariboflavinosis

which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body?

fruits and vegetables

the vitamin-like compound that removes carbon dioxide from compounds is...

lipoic acid

which form of vitamin B-12 is more readily absorbed?

synthetic form (because it is not attached to animal protein)

what vitamin plays a vital role in keeping homocysteine from accumulating in the blood by converting it to cysteine?

vitamin B-6

intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin?

biotin

when a water-soluble vitamin assists in the chemical reaction involved in the metabolism of the macronutrients, this is know as its what function?

coenzyme function

thiamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because...

excess vitamin can be excreted in the urine

what vitamins are eliminated in the urine?

water-soluble

list the functions of niacin

- synthesizes two coenzymes (nicotinamide adenine/NAD and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate/NADP) -release of energy from macronutrients

why do smokers need more daily vitamin C than nonsmokers?

exposure to tobacco smoke increases free radical formation in the lungs

what vitamins are not easily excreted by the body?

fat-soluble

the body is able to store which group of vitamins?

fat-soluble vitamins

liver, legumes, broccoli, and orange juice are all good sources of...

folate

what is the name of the synthetic form of folate that is found in supplements and added to fortify food?

folic acid

since this vitamin is only found in animal products, people who eat little/no meat are at risk for a deficiency of...

vitamin B-12

what british physician discovered a cure for scurvy?

James Lind

during pregnancy, what should your diet be adequate in to prevent neural tube defects?

folate

list 3 roles of biotin

1. amino acid breakdown 2. fatty acid synthesis 3. glucose synthesis

a healthy diet designed to reduce cancer risk would include (4)...

1. avoiding exposure to tobacco 2. achieving and maintaining a healthy weight and body composition 3. adopting a physically active lifestyle 4. eating a healthy diet that limits intake of processed meats; emphasizes plant foods, including fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

list 3 roles of vitamin C

1. collagen synthesis 2. antioxidant activity 3. immune function

list 3 functions of pantothenic acid

1. fatty acid synthesis 2. releases energy from macronutrients 3. component of coenzyme A

which vitamin do cells require to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate?

vitamin B-12

what must happen to digest naturally occurring folate?

- specific intestinal enzymes remove all but 1 of the glutamates - results in folic acid form

people who consume two or more alcoholic drinks daily have higher risks for cancers of (8)...

1. mouth 2. throat 3. esophagus 4. larynx 5. liver 6. breast 7. colon 8. rectum

list 4 things inositol may be conditionally essential in

1. multiple sclerosis 2. diabetes 3. certain cancers 4. kidney failure

in the US people at risk for niacin deficiency include those with (3)...

1. tryptophan metabolism 2. alcoholism 3. anorexia nervosa

what 3 things are present in fruits and vegetables, have antioxidant activity, and may help prevent cancer?

1. vitamin C 2. phytochemicals 3. carotenoids

list the water-soluble vitamins

1. vitamin C 2. vitamin B - thiamin - riboflavin - niacin - biotin - pantothenic acid - vitamin B-6 - folate vitamin B-12

aging, family history, using tobacco, and being exposed to radiation are all risk factors for...

cancer

premature infants and people recovering from serious diseases and injuries may have a conditional need for...

carnitine

a common food additive added to certain foods such as salad dressings and ice cream for its emulsifying properties is called...

lecithin

although rare deficiencies in this vitamin may cause headaches, fatigue, and impaired coordination...

pantothenic acid

burning feet syndrome may be a sign of a deficiency of...

pantothenic acid

milk, yogurt, liver, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin?

riboflavin

what is a component of two enzymes that play key roles in energy metabolism, yogurt, and other milk products?

riboflavin

which vitamin is a component of the two coenzymes FMN and FAD that play key roles in energy metabolism?

riboflavin

which vitamin plays a role in the chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates?

thiamin

true or false: although plants do not contain taurine, vegetarians do not develop a deficiency of this compound, suggesting that it isn't essential.

true

true or false: niacin participates in energy metabolism.

true

in chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of macronutrients, water-soluble vitamins are...

used as coenzymes

true or false: folic acid is more bioavailable than the naturally occurring folate.

true

salmon, tuna, mushrooms, and enriched breads are good sources of...

niacin

which vitamin plays a role in over 200 reactions and is necessary for the release of energy?

niacin