Ch 10 Study Guide
38. ____________________, founded in 1868 in Virginia, was an agricultural school first organized Mary Peake.
the hampton institute
True or False: The black codes varied from state to state, but they all seemed intended to keep African Americans in condition similar to slavery.
true
True or False:In one scandal during Grant's administration, his secretary of war, William Belknap, was found to have accepted bribes.
true
True or False:Many Southern leaders were convinced that the region had to develop a strong industrial economy called for the creation of the "New South."
true
True or False:The collapse of Reconstruction ended African American hopes of being granted their own land in the
true
True or False:When the House of Representatives voted to impeach President Johnson, the main charge was that had broken the law by refusing to uphold the Tenure of Office Act.
true
36. Having gained the right to ____________________, African Americans quickly began to politically and to take part in governing the South.
vote
True or False: President Johnson, unlike Lincoln, believed a radical policy was needed to bring the South back in the Union.
1. False - President Johnson, LIKE Lincoln, believed a MODERATE policy was needed to the South back into the Union.
True or False: By the end of 1868, none of the former Confederate states had met all the requirements to readmitted to the Union.
2. False - By the end of 1868, SIX of the former Confederate states had met all the to be readmitted to the Union.
True or False:In 1865 many members of Congress were hopeful Southern voters would elect former officers and political leaders to Congress.
4. False - In 1865 many members of Congress were WORRIED Southern voters would former Confederate officers and political leaders to Congress.
"You never saw a people more excited on the subject of politics than are the [African Americans] of the South." —anonymous plantation manager Why do you believe African Americans were excited about politics at this time, as the quotation above describes?
51. Upon ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, African Americans were given right to vote, and they were eager to exercise their new right and participate in the political process.
Study the chart. Explain how carpetbaggers and scalawags got their names and how the two were similar.
52. Carpetbaggers got their name from the carpet-covered suitcases they carried. Scalawag is a Scots-Irish term that means a weak and worthless animal. Both terms had negative connotations in the South because these people were considered intruders in the Southern culture.
"As in the war, freedom was the keynote of victory, so now is universal suffrage the keynote of Reconstruction." —Elizabeth Cady Stanton What does this quotation say about the different goals of the Civil War and the period of Reconstruction?
53. The primary goal of the Civil War was to secure freedom for enslaved Americans. Once freedom was secured by the Thirteenth Amendment, the primary goal of Reconstruction was to ensure for freed people the right to vote.
"When the war ended many men who had been in the Union army remained in the South, intending to make it their home. . . . Others emigrated from the North, taking with them large capital, believing that the South presented fine prospects for business. . . . It so happened, and was, in fact, necessary, that many of these men should be elected to office. This was their right. . . . Emigration is a part of the genius of the American people. . . . it is an odious and anti-American doctrine that a man has no right to be elected to an office in a State because he was not born in it . . ." —Oliver Morton, Republican senator from Indiana Who is Morton defending here? What does he think about these people?
54. Morton is defending carpetbaggers, a negative term used by Southerners describe Northerners who moved south to make money after the Civil War. He says it is every American's right to move around and settle in a new place and take advantage of opportunities in a new part of the country.
Refer to the chart above. Which three crops saw a major decrease in production during the 1870s? Given what you know about the Civil War, why do you think this happened?
55. The production of corn, tobacco, and cotton decreased dramatically during 1870s. This happened because the South's fields and farms had been devastated during the Civil War and it took time for the South to rebuild its agricultural economy.
"We thought we was goin' to be richer than the white folks, 'cause we was stronger and knowed how to work, and the whites didn't and they didn't have us to work for them anymore. But it didn't turn out that way. We found out that freedom could make folks proud but it didn't make 'em rich." —Felix Haywood, formerly enslaved worker What did Haywood think would happen after African Americans were emancipated?
56. Haywood thought that because enslaved African Americans had done all of agricultural work, that they would be wealthier than the whites who did not know how to work and could not be successful without blacks to help them.
"On a moonlit December night in the late 1860s, Essic Harris, a formerly enslaved man, woke suddenly after hearing loud noises outside his small home in Chatham County, North Carolina. He peered out his bedroom window and a wave of terror rushed over him. Thirty men in white robes and hoods stood around the house. Many held shotguns. They were members of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . They had come to harass Harris, who was active in local politics." —adapted from The Fiery Cross Explain the overall implication of the above passage involving the Ku Klux Klan.
57. The passage suggests that free African Americans were never really safe violent actions against them.
."..That the supervision and care of said bureau shall extend to all loyal refugees and freedmen, as as the same shall be necessary to enable them as speedily as practicable to become self-supporting citizens of the United States, and to aid them in making the freedom conferred by proclamation of the commander-in-chief..." —H.R. 613, Freedmen's Bureau, 1866 Analyze the above excerpt. Why did freed people in the South need government assistance like the help the Freedmen's Bureau provided?
58. They were freed from slavery, but although they were accustomed to physical labor, they had always been fed and clothed by their owners. Freedom produced an entire class of people who needed to have their basic needs met.
59. Describe the work of the Freedmen's bureau?
59. The Freedmen's Bureau was given the task of feeding and clothing war in the South using surplus army supplies. The Bureau also helped formerly enslaved people find work on plantations. It negotiated labor contracts with planters, specifying workers' pay and number of work hours. The Bureau worked closely with Northern charities to educate formerly enslaved African Americans. It provided housing for schools, paid teachers, and helped to establish colleges for training African American teachers.
True or False:After assuming the presidency in April 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes sent more federal troops to the South.
6. False - After assuming the presidency in April 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes REMOVED troops, to, FROM the South.
Explain how many sharecroppers became trapped on the land after the collapse of Reconstruction. Use the diagram to help you formulate your answer.
60. Sharecroppers often obtained seed and other necessary supplies on credit furnishing merchants. These merchants charged interest rates often as high as 40 percent. To make sure the sharecroppers paid their debts, laws allowed merchants to put liens on the sharecroppers' crops. Crop liens meant that the merchant could take some of the crops to cover the debts. The crop-lien system and high interest rates led many into a condition called debt peonage. Debt peonage trapped sharecroppers on the land because they could not make enough money to pay off their debts and leave, nor could they declare bankruptcy. Failure to pay off the debts could lead to imprisonment or forced labor.
61. Assess the requirements established by black codes in the South and speculate about their to what would later become the Jim Crow South.
61. Black Codes were laws enacted by the ex-Confederacy after the Civil War restrict the liberties of the freed people and ensure a cheap labor force for white-owned farms. Although black codes varied from state to state, they generally required African Americans to enter into annual labor contracts. Those who did not could be arrested for vagrancy and forced into involuntary servitude as punishment. African American children had to accept apprenticeships in some states and could be whipped or beaten while serving in these apprenticeships. Several state codes set specific work hours for African Americans and required them to get licenses to work in non-agricultural jobs. Although civil rights legislation and the Fourteenth Amendment largely ended the statutory strength of black codes, the system served as the backbone for future Jim Crow laws that were used to enforce segregation in a majority of American states from the 1880s to the 1960s.
Describe briefly the events leading up to and the outcome of the Compromise of 1877. Analyze the implications of this unwritten political agreement for African Americans.
62. In 1876 Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes to run as Democrats responded by nominating Samuel Tilden. On Election Day, Tilden led the electoral vote, but there was so much election fraud, no one could tell which candidate had won. To resolve the situation, Congress appointed a 15-person commission--8 Republicans and 7 Democrats--which voted 8-7 along party lines to give the votes to Hayes. After much debate, several Southern Democrats agreed to accept the commission's findings, giving the election to Hayes. Republicans agreed to pull federal troops out of the South if Hayes were elected, and Hayes did so within his first month of taking office. To the four million freed people, the Compromise of 1877 was a bitter betrayal which ended Republican efforts to ensure the civil rights of African Americans and set the stage for a future of discrimination and segregation.
63. What was Lincoln's goal for Reconstruction? How did the Radical Republican view differ from. Describe the three main goals of the Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction.
63. Lincoln wanted a moderate policy that would reconcile the South with the instead of punishing it for treason. He offered general amnesty to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the United States and accepted the Union's proclamation concerning slavery. Radical Republicans, on the other hand, did not want to reconcile with the South. They wanted to "revolutionize Southern institutions, habits, and manners." The Radical Republicans had three main goals. First, they wanted to prevent the leaders of the Confederacy from returning to power after the war. Second, they wanted the Republican Party to become a powerful institution in the South. Third, they wanted the federal government to help African Americans achieve political equality by guaranteeing their right to vote in the South.
True or False: Throughout the 1870's, Southern Democrats agreed with Republicans and cooperated rather than try regain control of their state and local governments.
8. False - Throughout the 1870s, Southern Democrats TRIED TO regain control of their state local governments.
39. The first African American to serve in the United States Senate was ____________.
Hiram R. Revels
a. William T. Sherman b. Rutherford B. Hayes c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Andrew Johnson e. Edwin M. Stanton f. Horace Greeley g. Ulysses S. Grant h. Abraham Lincoln i. William Belknap j. Samuel Tilden 43. as freed people followed his troops during the war, he reserved abandoned plantation land for their
a. William T. Sherman
26. To receive a pardon under Lincoln's Reconstruction plan, Southerners had to take an oath of loyalty the United States and a. accept that slaves were now free. b. pay damages to the North. c. promise never to secede again. d. set up schools for freed people.
a. accept that slaves were now free.
17. What housed schools, hosted social events and political gatherings, and were the center of African American communities? a. churches b. government buildings c. plantations d. town halls
a. churches
18. In order to be readmitted into the Union, each former Confederate state had to hold a constitutional a. convention. b. office. c. rally. d. seminar.
a. convention
34. Many scalawags who did not want the wealthy planters to regain power were owners of a. farms. b. herds of livestock. c. stores. d. textile mills.
a. farms.
31. Reconstruction ended a. federal troops were removed from the South. b. Hayes submitted a plan for the "New South." c. Hayes was elected. d. industrialization began in the South.
a. federal troops were removed from the South
13. Republican reforms in the South a. the establishment of public schools. b. the extension of voting rights to women. c. the passage of black codes. d. the taking of former plantations.
a. the establishment of public schools
33. By late 1870, all of the former Confederate states had rejoined the Union under a. Civil Rights Act. b. Congressional Reconstruction Plan. c. Tenure of Office Act. d. Wade-Davis Bill.
b. Congressional Reconstruction Plan
23. In the 1874 midterm election, control of the House of Representatives was won a. Liberal Republicans. b. Democrats. c. Radical Republicans. d. independent candidates.
b. Democrats.
22. When the powerful banking firm of Jay Cooke and Company was forced to declare bankruptcy, nation's financial community felt a wave of fear called the a. Compromise of 1877. b. Panic of 1873. c. Scandal of 1873. d. Scandal of 1877.
b. Panic of 1873
a. William T. Sherman b. Rutherford B. Hayes c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Andrew Johnson e. Edwin M. Stanton f. Horace Greeley g. Ulysses S. Grant h. Abraham Lincoln i. William Belknap j. Samuel Tilden 46. ended Radical Reconstruction
b. Rutherford B. Hayes
28. Originally, the goal of the Ku Klux Klan was a. drive out all Northern influences and return to a plantation system in the South. b. drive out Union troops and regain control of the South for the Democratic Party. c. remove African Americans from public office. d. terrorize African American freed people to force them to move to the North.
b. drive out Union troops and regain control of the South for the Democratic Party.
27. President Johnson challenged the Tenure of Office Act a. firing General Grant. b. firing Secretary of War Stanton. c. not replacing cabinet members. d. running for a third term as president.
b. firing Secretary of War Stanton.
11. The actions of the Freedmen's Bureau helped to a. economic recovery. b. mass starvation. c. plantation labor. d. special courts.
b. mass starvation.
24. The election of 1876 initially resulted in no clear winner a. of an Electoral College tie. b. of widespread election fraud. c. Southern votes were not counted. d. the popular vote was tied.
b. of widespread election fraud
14. Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction called a. organizing Southern state governments under governors from the North. b. reconciling with the South rather than punishing it. c. revolutionizing Southern institutions, habits, and manners. d. trying Confederate leaders for treason.
b. reconciling with the South rather than punishing it
30. Which of the following happened during the Panic of a. businesses expanded b. small banks closed c. the stock market rose d. unemployment fell
b. small banks closed
32. The ____________ was a secret society, started in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 by former soldiers that rapidly spread throughout the South. a. Grand Army of the Republic b. Grange c. Ku Klux Klan d. Whiskey Ring
c. Ku Klux Klan
a. William T. Sherman b. Rutherford B. Hayes c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Andrew Johnson e. Edwin M. Stanton f. Horace Greeley g. Ulysses S. Grant h. Abraham Lincoln i. William Belknap j. Samuel Tilden 44. Radical Republican leader who said his followers wanted to "revolutionize Southern institutions, and manners"
c. Thaddeus Stevens
21. The outcome of the election that made Rutherford B. Hayes president is known a. carpetbagging. b. debt peonage. c. the Compromise of 1877. d. the Panic of 1873.
c. the Compromise of 1877.
29. Democrats charged that using "sin taxes" to pay off bonds favored the rich a. the poor who had owned bonds had already sold them to speculators. b. the rich could afford to own more bonds. c. the rich held most of the bonds and the poor paid most of these taxes. d. the rich were better able to pay the taxes.
c. the rich held most of the bonds and the poor paid most of these taxes
15. Under Johnson's Reconstruction plan, many members of Congress voted to reject the that Southern voters elected to Congress because they a. refused to take a loyalty oath. b. were African Americans. c. were former Confederate leaders. d. were rich planters.
c. were former Confederate leaders
a. William T. Sherman b. Rutherford B. Hayes c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Andrew Johnson e. Edwin M. Stanton f. Horace Greeley g. Ulysses S. Grant h. Abraham Lincoln i. William Belknap j. Samuel Tilden 45. pardoned thousands of Southerners
d. Andrew Johnson
16. How did President Grant react to the rise of the Ku Klux Klan after the Civil a. He chose to ignore it. b. He ordered Union troops to invade and impose martial law. c. He wanted to intervene, but feared it would only result in more violence against African Americans. d. He was outraged and backed legislation outlawing the Klan's activities.
d. He was outraged and backed legislation outlawing the Klan's activities
19. After gaining their freedom, many African Americans were elected to serve in state governments. aligned themselves with the a. African Independence Party. b. Democratic Party. c. Free-Soil Party. d. Republican Party.
d. Republican Party
12. President Johnson proclaimed that each former Confederate state had to call a convention to revoke its ordinance of secession and ratify the a. Fifteenth Amendment. b. Fourteenth Amendment. c. Military Reconstruction Act. d. Thirteenth Amendment.
d. Thirteenth Amendment.
25. Most tenant farmers became __________, who paid a share of their crops to cover rent and costs. a. forced laborers b. landlords c. planters d. sharecroppers
d. sharecroppers
20. In the election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant won several Southern states a. Congress did not allow a presidential candidate from the South to enter the race. b. Southern hero Robert E. Lee endorsed Grant for the presidency. c. Southern voters respected his leadership abilities. d. the presence of Union troops in the South allowed African Americans to vote.
d. the presence of Union troops in the South allowed African Americans to vote
35. What was the overall purpose of black codes passed by the new Southern a. to ensure African Americans had independent new lives in Southern society b. to establish regulations concerning work hours, pay, and employment conditions c. to provide educational opportunities and apprenticeships for African Americans d. to severely limit the rights of African Americans to a state similar to slavery
d. to severely limit the rights of African Americans to a state similar to slavery
a. William T. Sherman b. Rutherford B. Hayes c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Andrew Johnson e. Edwin M. Stanton f. Horace Greeley g. Ulysses S. Grant h. Abraham Lincoln i. William Belknap j. Samuel Tilden 50. Andrew Johnson's secretary of war
e. Edwin M. Stanton
a. William T. Sherman b. Rutherford B. Hayes c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Andrew Johnson e. Edwin M. Stanton f. Horace Greeley g. Ulysses S. Grant h. Abraham Lincoln i. William Belknap j. Samuel Tilden 48. nominated for president in 1872 by Liberal republicans
f. Horace Greeley
a. William T. Sherman b. Rutherford B. Hayes c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Andrew Johnson e. Edwin M. Stanton f. Horace Greeley g. Ulysses S. Grant h. Abraham Lincoln i. William Belknap j. Samuel Tilden 42. Civil War reputation carried him into the White
g. Ulysses S. Grant
a. William T. Sherman b. Rutherford B. Hayes c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Andrew Johnson e. Edwin M. Stanton f. Horace Greeley g. Ulysses S. Grant h. Abraham Lincoln i. William Belknap j. Samuel Tilden 41. pocket vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill
h. Abraham Lincoln
a. William T. Sherman b. Rutherford B. Hayes c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Andrew Johnson e. Edwin M. Stanton f. Horace Greeley g. Ulysses S. Grant h. Abraham Lincoln i. William Belknap j. Samuel Tilden 49. Grant's secretary of war who accepted bribes
i. William Belknap
a. William T. Sherman b. Rutherford B. Hayes c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Andrew Johnson e. Edwin M. Stanton f. Horace Greeley g. Ulysses S. Grant h. Abraham Lincoln i. William Belknap j. Samuel Tilden 47. lost the presidential election in the Compromise of 1877
j. Samuel Tilden
37. Most white Southerners scorned the ____________________ Party, partly because it Northerners and African Americans.
republican
40. In the summer of 1876, President Grant sent federal troops in response to race riots and directed against African Americans in ____________________.
south carolina