Ch. 10

What are the three requirements for a between-subjects design to be an experimental research design? a. Randomization, manipulation, and comparison b. Randomization, manipulation, and subjectivity c. Factorization, manipulation, and comparison d. Factorization, subjectivity, and proximity

a. Randomization, manipulation, and comparison

How are participants assigned to groups using a between-subjects experimental design? a. Using random assignment b. By observing the same participants in all groups c. Using random sampling d. By observing the same participants in all groups and using random sampling

a. Using random assignment

behavioral measures

participants behaviors are directly observed and measured

two strategies for restricted random assignment

(constant or matching) 1) randomly assign participants to groups after matching on certain characteristic 2) randomly assign participants to groups after holding certain characteristics constant (i.e., excluding those with or without the characteristic(s)]

error variance

a numeric measure of variability in the dependent variable that is due to individual differences of participants in each group variance attributed to individual differences (any variation in the dependent variable that is not due to the independent variable)

A disadvantage of using a between-subjects experimental design is: a. it requires that the same participants are observed in each group. b. the sample size required to conduct a between-subjects design can be large. c. it places a very large burden on the participants and researcher. d. it does not allow for the use of random assignment of participants to groups.

b. the sample size required to conduct a between-subjects design can be large.

Which of the following is NOT a step for conducting a between-subjects experimental design? a. Use random assignment to select participants to a group. b. Create two or more groups by manipulating the levels of an independent variable. c. Randomly assign participants to different levels of the dependent variable. d. Make a decision.

c. Randomly assign participants to different levels of the dependent variable.

A researcher randomly assigns participants to taste and rate their liking for a flavored drink mixed that is with a high calorie or zero calorie sweetener. The ________ is the control group and the ________ is the experimental group in this example. a. flavored drink group; unflavored drink group b. high calorie group; zero calorie group c. zero calorie group; high calorie group d. unflavored drink group; flavored drink group

c. zero calorie group; high calorie group

A researcher places participants in a casino setting with a "partner" (a confederate) who either acts as if she is an expert or a novice at gambling. The amount of money participants spend in the gambling setting with their "partner" is recorded. What type of manipulation was used in this study? a. A mixed manipulation b. A natural manipulation c. A quasi-manipulation d. A staged manipulation

d. A staged manipulation

A researcher conducts a clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of a behavioral strategy used to reduce overall caloric intake. Because men consume many more calories than women and because women are more likely to diet than men, the researcher decides to only include women in the clinical trial. What type of restricted random assignment was used in this example? a. Control by matching b. Control by representation c. Control by participation d. Control by holding constant

d. Control by holding constant

A test statistic is used to determine whether a manipulation or ________ is causing or associated with differences between two or more groups. All of the following are true except: a. error variance. b. factors attributed to individual differences. c. something else. d. factors attributed to group differences.

d. factors attributed to group differences.

the degree of error variance is _______ related with the estimated size of effect for the independent variable or treatment

inversely

What type of sample is selected when we select one sample from the same population and randomly assign participants in the sample to two or more groups: a. an independent sample. b. a related sample. c. a matched sample. d. a within-subjects sample.

a. an independent sample.

test statistic

which is a mathematical formula that allows us to determine whether the manipulation or error variance is likely to explain differences between the groups

Random assignment is a procedure used to ensure that each participant, and therefore the _____________, are assigned to groups by chance. a. individual differences of participants b. the levels of the independent variable c. the dependent variable d. the timing of a manipulation

a. individual differences of participants

physiological measures

participants physical responses are measured

random assignment

procedure used to ensure that each participant has the same likelihood of being selected to a given group makes individual differences between groups about equal

F formula

variability between groups / variability attributed to error

For an experiment, a significant one-way between-subjects ANOVA informs us only that ________ group is different from another group. a. one b. at least one c. every d. the preexisting

b. at least one

A type of measurement in which researchers directly observe and record the behavior of subjects or participants is called a: a. physiological measure. b. behavioral measure. c. self-report measure. d. physical measure.

b. behavioral measure.

A mathematical formula that allows researchers to determine the extent to which differences observed between groups can be attributed to the manipulation used to create the different groups is called: a. the test statistic. b. the effect size. c. the error variance. d. the mean difference.

a. the test statistic.

A researcher conducts two experiments. In Experiment 1, he manipulates whether participants attend a small, medium, or large private event. In Experiment 2, he manipulates whether participants attend a small, medium, or large public event. The mean difference between groups is the same in each experiment, but Experiment 2 is associated with greater error variance. In which experiment is the researcher more likely to conclude that the mean difference is caused by the manipulation? a. Experiment 1 b. Experiment 2 c. The likelihood is the same in both experiments d. Neither experiment

a. Experiment 1

Which of the following is not a type measure for a dependent variable? a. Randomized measures b. Behavioral measures c. Physiological measures d. Self-report measures

a. Randomized measures

A sample that is selected in which different participants are observed in each of two groups is called: a. an independent sample. b. a related sample. c. a matched sample. d. a within-subjects sample.

a. an independent sample.

A method of controlling differences in participant characteristics between groups in a study by first restricting a sample based on known participant characteristics, then using a random procedure to assign participants to each group is called: a. random assignment. b. restricted random assignment. c. systematic assignment. d. participant assignment.

b. restricted random assignment.

An advantage of using a between-subjects experimental design is: a. it allows for the use of random assignment of participants to groups. b. it meets all three requirements to demonstrate causal relationships. c. it places less of a burden on the participants and the researcher. d. it allows for the researcher to non-randomly assign participants to groups.

d. it allows for the researcher to non-randomly assign participants to groups.

staged manipulation

requires participants to be set-up to experience some stimulus or event (often involves deception and/or a confederate)

disadvantages of between subjects design

1) requires a large sample size 2) all other things being equal, one measurement produces less reliable and valid data than multiple measurements

advantages of between subjects design

1) Only design that can meet all 3 requirements of an experiment (randomization, manipulation, control or comparison group) to show cause and effect 2) low burden for researchers and participants (e.g., no tracking)

between-subjects experimental design

1) levels of a between-subjects factor are manipulated with a control group present 2) participants are assigned randomly to each group or level of the between-subjects factor (allows for holding other variables constant --- i.e., controls for the influence of other variables) 3) participants are observed one time (not a pretest - posttest

Two types of restricted random assignment are: a. control by matching and control by holding constant. b. control by categorization and control by representation. c. systematic control and participant control. d. restricted assignment and unrestricted assignment.

a. control by matching and control by holding constant.

A numeric measure of the variability in scores that can be attributed to or is caused by the individual differences of participants in each group is called: a. error variance. b. sample space. c. random assignment. d. independent sampling.

a. error variance.

A researcher separates employees at a local business by their seniority level in the company, and then randomly assigns each group (low seniority, moderate seniority and high seniority) to each of two groups to study employee attitudes. What type of restricted random assignment was used in this example? a. Control by participation b. Control by representation c. Control by matching d. Control by holding constant

c. Control by matching

The one-way ANOVA is used to analyze mean differences between two or more levels of _________. a. one variance b. one t-test c. one factor d. significance

c. one factor

When different participants are assigned to each group, the ________ is used to analyze mean difference between two groups and the ________ is used to analyze the mean difference between two or more groups for data that are on an interval or ratio scale of measurement. a. two-independent sample t-test; two-related samples t-test b. one-way between-subjects analysis of variance; two-independent sample t-test c. two-independent sample t-test; one-way between-subjects analysis of variance d. related samples t-test; one-way within-subjects analysis of variance

c. two-independent sample t-test; one-way between-subjects analysis of variance

If a researcher observes 15 participants in each of four groups, then how many total participants will be observed using a between-subjects design? a. 15 b. 30 c. 45 d. 60

d. 60

The between-subjects experimental design is used when we do all of the following except: a. compare the mean difference between two independent samples. b. compare the mean difference between more than two independent samples. c. compare mean differences across the levels of one between-subjects factor. d. compare mean significance for one group at posttest.

d. compare mean significance for one group at posttest.

treatment group

in experiments, those exposed to manipulation ; in non- experiments, the group of primary interest or the one hypothesized to have higher levels

between-subjects factor

type of factor that participants are observed in each group, or at each level of that factor

comparison group

usually in quasi-experiments where control group is not possible (text indicates this occurs when those in the experimental group and other group are not treated the same; others would say when groups are not randomized)

natural manipulation

manipulation of a stimulus that can be naturally changed with little effort (often a physical stimulus)

t formula

mean differences between groups / mean differences attributed to error

prominent statistical tests

measure of variance due to independent variable relative to variance due to error (t test)

A researcher conducts two experiments. In Experiment 1, he manipulates whether participants receive a small, medium, or large reward for each item recalled in an assessment. In Experiment 2, he manipulates whether participants receive a small, medium, or large punishment for each item not recalled in an assessment. The mean difference between groups is the same in each experiment, but Experiment 2 is associated with greater error variance. In which experiment is the researcher more likely to conclude that the mean difference is caused by individual differences? a. Experiment 1 b. Experiment 2 c. The likelihood is the same in both experiments d. Neither experiment

b. Experiment 2

Which test statistic is appropriate for analyzing the mean difference between more than two levels of one factor for data that are on an interval or ratio scale of measurement? a. Two-independent sample t-test b. One-way between-subjects analysis of variance c. Between-subjects factorial analysis of variance d. Related samples t-test

b. One-way between-subjects analysis of variance

When most scores in each group of an experiment do overlap, then all of the following are true except: a. the error variance will be large. b. the power to detect mean differences between groups will be low. c. individual differences become a likely explanation for an observed difference between groups. d. group differences become a likely explanation for an observed difference between groups.

d. group differences become a likely explanation for an observed difference between groups.

The denominator of the test statistic for a t-test is: a. error variance. b. the mean variability due to error. c. the mean difference between groups. d. the mean variability due to error and the mean difference between groups.

d. the mean variability due to error and the mean difference between groups. ???

between subjects design

different participants observed 1 time at each level of a factor (i.e., independent variable) or in each group (relates more to the way data are analyzed) dif participants to dif variables

the more the scores in groups overlap, the ( lesser | greater ) the error variance

greater

self-report measures

participants report on their attitudes, opinions or behaviors

limiting or reducing error variance provides more ___________ power

statistical

A researcher measures the time in seconds it takes participants to correctly identify the picture of a person they had just met two minutes earlier. What is the type of measure for the dependent variable in this example? a. Self-report measure b. Behavioral measure c. Physiological measure d. Randomized measure

b. Behavioral measure

control group

treated same as treatment group except for the manipulation

post hoc test

Computed following a significant ANOVA on 3 or more groups to determine which pair(s) of group means significantly differ

independent sample t test

Used to test hypotheses concerning the difference in interval, ratio, & sometimes ordinal scale data between two group means, in which the variance in the population is unknown

one-way between subjects ANOVA

Used to test hypotheses for one factor with two or more levels concerning the variance among group means (for interval or ratio data)

Two researchers studied the effects of cell phone use on attention. Researcher 1 randomly assigned participants to watch a short video clip while holding a cell phone that was turned off or while talking on a cell phone with a confederate. Researcher 2 grouped participants based on whether they reported high or low cell phone use, then had participants complete an attention-demanding task. Which researcher used a type of sampling that is commonly used in experiments? a. Researcher 1 b. Researcher 2 c. Both researchers d. None of the researchers

a. Researcher 1

A researcher measures locomotor activity among rats placed in a cage with high or low lighting. What type of manipulation was used in this study? a. A mixed manipulation b. A natural manipulation c. A quasi-manipulation d. A staged manipulation

b. A natural manipulation

A researcher conducts a between-subjects experimental research design and measures a mean difference in the dependent measure between two groups. How can the researcher test if the mean difference observed in his sample is due to individual differences or due to the manipulation made by the researcher? a. Conduct a quasi-experiment b. Compute a two-independent sample t-test c. Compute a related samples t-test d. No test is needed

b. Compute a two-independent sample t-test (USED FOR INTERVAL AND RATIO)

Which of the following steps for conducting a between-subjects experimental design meets the requirements for manipulation? a. Select a random sample. b. Create two or more groups by creating the levels of an independent variable. c. Use random assignment to select participants to a group. d. Measure the same dependent variable in each group.

b. Create two or more groups by creating the levels of an independent variable.

Two researchers investigated studying behavior among college students. Researcher 1 had the same participants study with a partner and then without a partner. Researcher 2 had participants study with a partner and a different group of participants study without a partner. Which researcher selected an independent sample? a. Researcher 1 b. Researcher 2 c. Both researchers d. None of the researchers

b. Researcher 2

A research design in which different participants are observed one time in each group of a research study is called: a. within-subjects design. b. between-subjects design. c. mixed factorial design. d. pre-post design.

b. between-subjects design.

A type of restricted random assignment in which we assess or measure the characteristic we want to control, group or categorize participants based on scores on that measure, and then use a random procedure to assign participants from each category to a group in the study is called: a. control by participation. b. control by matching. c. control by representation. d. control by holding constant.

b. control by matching.

A sample of college students are selected and randomly assigned to complete a difficult or an easy cognitive task. What type of sample was described? a. A matched sample b. A related sample c. An independent sample d. A dependent sample

c. An independent sample

How do researchers account for individual differences in an experiment, statistically? a. By having participants self report any unique characteristics they may have and then coding those differences as values of error. b. By using random assignment to make individual differences about the same in each group. c. By using a test statistic to determine the likelihood that something other than the manipulation caused differences in a dependent measure between groups. d. By having participants all give the same response on the same dependent measure in each group.

c. By using a test statistic to determine the likelihood that something other than the manipulation caused differences in a dependent measure between groups.

If the one-way between-subjects ANOVA is significant, then what is the next step if three or more groups were observed? a. Stop, there is no mean difference between groups. b. Stop, there is a mean difference between all pairs of groups. c. Conduct post hoc tests. d. Compute a correlation to make sure the ANOVA was significant.

c. Conduct post hoc tests.

________ evaluate all possible pairwise comparisons for an ANOVA with any number of groups. a. Effect sizes b. Error variances c. Posthoc tests d. Experimental manipulations

c. Posthoc tests

The levels of an independent variable are ________ using a between-subjects experimental design. a. preexisting b. eliminated c. manipulated d. identical

c. manipulated

The goal in experimentation is to minimize the possibility that ________ caused differences between groups. a. individual differences b. something other than the manipulation c. the groups d. individual differences and something other than the manipulation

d. individual differences and something other than the manipulation

A statistical comparison for the difference between two group means is called: a. SPSS. b. effect size. c. error variance. d. pairwise comparison.

d. pairwise comparison.