Ch 11 and 12 Criminal Justice

Identify the true statements about halfway houses in the United States. (Check all that apply.)

-In addition to offenders, they serve other populations, such as those with mental disorders. They do not service probationers, pretrial detainees, and persons on furlough from prison. -They provide offenders with a temporary period of highly structured and supportive living. -They rely heavily on referrals to other local agencies to ensure that offenders' treatment needs are met. These facilities administer private programs at the federal, state, or local level of government. -Most of them place a heavy emphasis on addressing offenders' educational and employment deficits.

Identify the ways in which prison life differs from living in the free community. (Check all that apply.)

-Prisoners have higher insecurity and stress. Prisoners face less competition for scarce resources. -Prisoners have less privacy. Prisoners have more predictability.

In the context of intermediate sanctions, identify the true statements about structured fines, or day fines. (Check all that apply.)

-They differ fundamentally from the fines more typically imposed by American criminal courts. They are independent of defendants' ability to pay. They are too low to be meaningful to wealthier offenders and too high for poorer offenders to pay. -They provide an economic disincentive for criminal behavior.

Which of the following is generally true of women's prisons?

-They usually have less violence and racial tension than men's prisons. They usually have more violence and racial tension than men's prisons. They usually have less violence but more racial tension than men's prisons. They usually have more violence but less racial tension than men's prisons.

What are the two most common ways that inmates are released from prison?

-parole -mandatory release commutation of sentence death

The Fourteenth Amendment rights that prisoners have include

-protection from racial discrimination. adequate prison conditions. medical care. religious freedom.

A key to successful community adjustment for inmates leaving prison is reintegration. Reintegration is also known as _____.

-reentry restitution reinforcement recidivism

A program that requires offenders to remain in their residence except for approved periods of absence is known as

Home confinement

Identify the terms used by some states in the United States for parole. (Check all that apply.)

Home confinement Electronic monitoring -Post prison transfer -Earned release

Identify the true statements about probation fees. (Check all that apply.)

NOPEAdvocates of probation fees argue that the administrative costs related to collecting fees exceed the amount of money collected. -Advocates of probation fees argue that fees can help contain the increasingly high costs of probation. -Critics of probation fees charge that offenders should not have to pay for services they are mandated to receive. Critics of probation fees claim that probationers should be held responsible for supporting the services they receive.

In the context of community correctional programs, identify a true statement about net widening.

Net widening is advantageous in that it strengthens the positive effects of virtually any type of community correctional program in the United States. -Through net widening, the offenders placed in a novel program receive more severe sanctions than they would have received had the new program remained unavailable. Net widening helps establish and follow standard criteria for assigning offenders to intensive-supervision probation and parole (ISP) programs. Through net widening, the offenders placed in a novel program turn out to be the offenders for whom the program was intended.

A sentence in which an offender, rather than being incarcerated, is retained in the community under the supervision of a probation agency and required to abide by certain rules and conditions to avoid incarceration is called

Probation

____________-___________ ________allow inmates in jail or prison to leave the facility for short periods to participate in approved community activities.

Temporary Release Programs

Which of the following factors are most likely to cause a parole board to deny parole?

The offender has good mental health. -The offender violated prison rules. -The offender has a long history of crime. The offender's crime was nonviolent.

_____ is referred to as the black market of the prison.

The open economy The gig economy The sub-market economy -The sub-rosa economy

Which of the following statements are true of court litigation in the United States? (Check all that apply.)

The process of court litigation is very quick that it often results in chaos. -A high percentage of lawsuits filed by inmates are judged frivolous. Court litigation is generally considered an economical way to reform prisons. -An inmate's success in a case usually does not lead to wide-scale reforms in prisons.

A distinguishing feature of women's prisons is the presence of pseudo families, or

make-believe families.

Reduction of the original sentence given by executive authority, usually a state's governor, is called _____.

recidivism parole maxing out -commutation

The secret exchange of goods and services among inmates is referred to as the ___________- ___________ ___________.

sub-rosa economy

A result of prisons desocializing and alienating inmates is what Goffman called _____, a subduing or deadening of self-identity and self-determination.

self-mortification

A phenomenon that occurs when the offenders placed in a novel program are not the offenders for whom the program was designed is called _____.

Net Widening

In the context of recidivism rates, the research of sociologist Ben Crouch found that newly incarcerated offenders _____.

frequently say that they hate prison more than anything are motivated to make every effort to shorten prison terms are highly threatened by the prospects of imprisonment -frequently express a preference for prison over probation sentences

Time deducted from an inmate's sentence by prison authorities for good behavior and other meritorious activities in prison is called

good-time

The process in which an inmate rebuilds former ties to the community and establishes new ties after release is called

reformation. -reintegration. rehabilitation. restitution.

The First Amendment rights that prisoners have include

religious freedom, freedom of speech

In the inmate society of traditional men's prisons in the United States, a constellation of values, norms, and roles that regulate the way inmates interact with one another and with prison staff is known as the __________ ___________

convict code

In the context of intermediate sanctions, fines that are based on defendants' ability to pay are known as

day fines

The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees _____.

freedom of petition and assembly

Match the major theories of the origins of the inmate society in the United States (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

The Deprivation Model- Assumes that new inmates are socialized into existing inmate society, which arises in response to the prison environment. The Importation Model- it suggests that the inmate society is the product of the socialization inmates experience before entering prison.

How does the amount of violence in today's prisons compare to earlier periods?

There is a similar amount of violence but it is of a different type. -There is more violence today. There is less violence today. The amount of violence is about the same.

Women usually experience prison more negatively than men because they are more likely

to have children and suffer from the separation.

Identify the problems associated with court litigation in the United States. (Check all that apply.)

-A high percentage of lawsuits filed by inmates are dismissed. It is a very quick and chaotic process. The lawsuits filed by inmates are rarely judged frivolous. -It is an expensive way to reform prisons.

probation and parole (ISP) is defined as an alternative to incarceration that provides stricter conditions, closer supervision, and more treatment services than do traditional probation and parole.

Intensive-supervision probation and parole

The ____________ _________(PSI) is an investigation conducted by a probation agency or other designated authority at the request of a court into the past behavior, family circumstances, and personality of an adult who has been convicted of a crime, to assist the court in determining the most appropriate sentence.

Presentence Investigation

In his classic book Asylums, sociologist Erving Goffman described a prison as a(n) ____________ _____________ and defined it as a place of residence and work where a large number of like-situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life. Listen to the complete question Need help? Review these concept resources.Read About the Concept

total institution

Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes parole from probation?

-Unlike probation, parole is not a court-imposed sentence. Unlike parole, probation is used with persons leaving prison. Unlike probation, parole is not a method of prison release. Unlike parole, probation refers to the community supervision received upon release.

Facilities that are designed for offenders who would otherwise be in prison or jail and that require offenders to report regularly to confer with staff about supervision and treatment matters are called

Day reporting

True or false: In the United States, it is illegal to administer day reporting centers privately.

False

Identify the true statements about the convict code central to the inmate society of traditional men's prisons in the United States. (Check all that apply.)

Individuals who are dominating and dishonest are criticized under the code. -The ability to show strength, courage, and toughness is appreciated. -Conning and manipulation skills are highly valued under the code. Convicts who were noncriminals before coming to prison are admired.

Match the major theories of the origins of the inmate society in the United States (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

The Deprivation Model- theory that the inmate society arises as a response to the prison environment and the painful conditions of confinement. The Importation Model- theory that the inmate society is shaped by the attributes inmates bring with them when they enter prison.

In the context of intermediate sanctions, fines that are based on defendants' ability to pay are known as_________ __________, or structured fines.

day fines

Prior to the ruling in the Cooper v. Pate case in 1964, prison inmates in the United States had relied primarily on _____ petitions to obtain access to the federal courts.

decertification -habeas corpus res judicata arbitration

The return to illegal activity after release from incarceration is known as _____.

despotism agnosticism -recidivism hedonism

True or false: Increases in the probation population typically lead to reductions in the financial costs of probation.

false

The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees _____.

freedom from unreasonable searches -freedom of petition and assembly the right to have a fair and speedy trial the right to have a trial by jury

A philosophy under which courts are reluctant to hear prisoners' claims regarding their rights while incarcerated is called a(n) __________-__________ philosophy.

hands-off

The U.S. Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics recently published a recidivism study that followed prison inmates released in 2005 in 30 states for an unprecedented 9 years. According to this study, _____ as a recidivism measure is the least restrictive measure that could be used.

parole reentry -rearrest pardon

The repeal of a probation sentence or parole, and substitution of a more restrictive sentence, because of violation of probation or parole conditions is called

revocation

Criminologists Frank Cullen and Paul Gendreau conducted a comprehensive review of research that evaluated the effects of correctional interventions on recidivism rates. Across studies, they found that _____.

the correctional interventions increased recidivism rates, on average, by 20 percent the most successful interventions reduced recidivism by 75 percent -the correctional interventions reduced recidivism rates, on average, by 10 percent the most successful interventions increased recidivism by 25 percent

What is the main purpose of temporary-release programs?

to help inmates earn money to pay restitution to obtain mental health treatment for inmates -to permit inmates to build community ties to provide free labor for government projects

Identify the true statements about intermediate sanctions. (Check all that apply.)

-The newer intermediate sanctions are oriented less toward rehabilitation than older community correctional programs. -They are designed to calibrate the range of incarceration alternatives according to the differential risks and needs of offenders. The newer intermediate sanctions are oriented less toward retribution, deterrence, and incapacitation than older community correctional programs. They are primarily designed to limit the range of alternatives to incarceration and are also known as traditional probations.

Identify a true statement about community corrections in the United States.

It is commonly referred to as institutional corrections. Correctional programs such as diversion, restitution, probation, and halfway houses are excluded from it. It is mainly controlled by federal and state authorities. -Federal, state, and local jurisdictions differ widely in the way they organize and administer community corrections.

Match the most common ways through which inmates are released from prisons (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Parole- method of prison release wherby inmates are conditionally released at the discretion of a board or other authority before having completed their entire sentences. Mandatory Release- Method of prison release under which an inmate is released after serving a legally required portions of his or her sentence minus good time credits.

When an inmate enters prison for the first time, the inmate is socialized into the customs and principles of the inmate society, a process former correctional officer Donald Clemmer termed _____.

Prisonization

Identify the rights guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to prison inmates. (Check all that apply.)

Prohibition of trials that involve a jury -Right to adequate medical care Right to choose any religion -Prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments

Match the roles that women commonly adopt when adjusting to prison as identified by social scientist Esther Heffernan (in the left column) with the typical groups of women who adopt these roles (in the right column).

The "Square' Role- noncriminals before coming to prison. The "Life" Role- habitual offenders before coming to prison. The "Cool Role- manipulating other inmates and the staff to their own advantage (Con Politician) sophisticated professional criminals.

Match the roles that women commonly adopt when adjusting to prison as identified by social scientist Esther Heffernan (in the left column) with the characteristics of women who adopt these roles (in the right column).

The Square Role- Woman who adopt this role tend toward conventional behavior in prison. The Life Role- Woman who adopt this role adhere to anti-social and anti-authority norms in prison. The Cool Role- Woman who adopt this role try to do easy time by manipulating other inmates and the staff to their own advantage.

Sanctions that, in restrictiveness and punitiveness, lie between traditional probation and traditional imprisonment or, alternatively, between imprisonment and traditional parole are known as

intermediate sanctions

In the Wolff v. McDonnell case (1974), the U.S. Supreme Court held that prison inmates facing a loss of good time for a rule infraction are not entitled to the same due process protections as in a criminal trial. Which of the following is one of the due process protections such an inmate is entitled to?

An oral notification that allows the inmate to have legal counsel -A written statement of the evidence relied on and the reasons for a disciplinary action A statement that allows the inmate to confront all the people who testify against him or her A written notice of the charges within a month

A court order called ____________ ___________ requires that a confined person be brought to court so his or her claims can be heard.

Habeas Corpus

Identify a true statement about intensive-supervision probation and parole (ISP) programs.

NOPE ISP generally costs less than traditional probation or parole. One of the main concerns raised about ISP is the presence of demonstrated reduction of recidivism. -In theory, ISP programs have features such as inescapable supervision and mandatory curfews. ISP usually lasts 3 years to 5 years.

Revocation of probation can be recommended for two general categories of violations. Identify these categories. (Check all that apply.)

-Commission of new offenses Discovery of new evidences in a case Following the conditions of a sentence -Failure to abide by the technical rules of a sentence

According to U.S. federal courts, which of the following prison conditions violate the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution? (Check all that apply.)

-Excessive heat -Lack of drinkable water -Toxic or noxious fumes Lack of a trial by jury -Inadequate ventilation Inadequate religious freedom

Identify the factors that are considered by a judge in deciding whether an offender should be sentenced to probation. (Check all that apply.)

-Statutes outlining eligibility for probation Recommendations from the offender's family members -Structured sentencing guidelines The offender's freedom or detention in jail after trial -Recommendations from the prosecuting and defense attorneys

Which of the following are factors that are considered by a judge in deciding whether an offender should be sentenced to probation? (Check all that apply.)

-The presentence investigation report prepared by the probation agency Number of witnesses appeared in the trial for the associated case -Characteristics of the offender and offense The offender's freedom or detention in jail after trial

identify the main tasks involved in a presentence investigation (PSI). (Check all that apply.)

-To determine an offender's treatment needs To evaluate the temptation the community presents to an offender -To estimate the risk that an offender presents to the community To identify how much restitution an offender owes a victim

True or false: Until the middle of the twentieth century, the courts followed a hands-off philosophy toward prison matters.

-True False

The equal-protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has led state courts to target _____ in the context of the Glover v. Johnson case (1979).

-gender discrimination religious discrimination disability discrimination age discrimination

What reasons are given for the amount of violence in today's prisons?

-improper management -overcrowding less racial tension older inmates

The majority of female inmates who participate in homosexuality are those who were heterosexual before incarceration and will return to heterosexuality upon release. Sociologists David Ward and Gene Kassebaum refer to these people as _____.

-turnouts exploiters crossovers mortifiers

In the Wolff v. McDonnell case (1974), the U.S. Supreme Court held that prison inmates facing a loss of good time for a rule infraction are not entitled to the same due process protections as in a criminal trial. Identify the due process protections such an inmate is entitled to. (Check all that apply.)

An oral notice that allows the inmate to have legal counsel An opportunity to confront and cross-examine people, including witnesses, who testify against the inmate -A written notice of the charges within 24 hours -An opportunity to call witnesses and present documentary evidence provided that this does not jeopardize institutional security -A disciplinary hearing by an impartial body

In the United States, the subfield of corrections in which offenders are supervised and provided services outside jail or prison is known as

Community Corrections

In the United States, community-based residential facilities that are less secure and restrictive than prison or jail but provide a more controlled environment than other community correctional programs are known as

Halfway Houses

When a parole board has complete control over whether to grant or deny parole, that is known as ____________ parole. When a parole board releases an inmate after he or she has served a specified portion of the original sentence, that is ____________ parole.

discretionary , mandatory

Match the types of probation (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Informal usupervised probation- frees probationer from the direct supervision of a probation officer, while still requiring the probationer to obey specific court-ordered conditions: often reserved for less serious, nonviolent crimes Straight probation- offender is sentenced only to probation, with no incarceration or other form of residential placement: probationer must report to a probation officer on a regular basis. Split sentence probation- judge divides a single sentence into a relatively short jail term followed by probation supervision. Shock Probation- usually involves two sentences. the offender is initially sentenced to prison but is soon perhaps 120 days recalled to court and placed on probation Residential probation- structured but general open living environment common for the probationer to spend the early part of the sentenc ein the residential facility and then upon successful discharge, to complete the probation sentence living in the free community. Community Control probation- strictest from of probation jail sentence without the jail. required to remain at home and is monitored at all times, typically through use of the ankle monitor.

An arrangement that allows an offender's whereabouts to be tracked through the use of computer technology is called

electronic monitoring