CH 11 ocean

Select all the ways in which oxygen (O2) enters the ocean.

Through equilibration of the surface waters with the atmosphere As a by-product of photosynthesis by marine photoautotrophs

is the process of grouping similar types of organisms together by using the theory of evolution.

Classification

Which marine organisms are most sensitive to changes in pH?

Those that use CaCO3 to create shells

The idea of a common ancestor in the theory of evolution explains that

all life on Earth evolved from one organism

Most fish have an internal salt concentration that is lower than the surrounding seawater. They maintain this imbalance by ______

almost continuously drinking seawater and excreting salt

Organisms that can survive anoxic conditions are known as ______.

anaerobes

Anaerobes are organisms that can survive under ______ conditions because they use an agent other than oxygen to oxidize organic matter for energy.

anoxic

A fish with a dark back and light underside is said to have a color pattern called

countershading

sharks and rays prevent water from leaving their cells by maintaining high levels of ______ in their tissues.

urea

Psychrophiles are organisms that are well-adapted for living in

very cold environments

Osmosis is when _____

water moves across a membrane from an area of lower salinity to an area of high salinity

Average surface waters in the Arctic can be as cold as

-1C

The average temperature range for 90% of the ocean is very constant and varies only from about

-1°C to 4°C (30°F to 40°F)

The domains of life, based on cell morphology/structure and DNA sequences, are ______. (Select all that apply.)

-Archaea -Eukarya -Bacteria

Select all the statements that correctly describe the flow of energy and chemicals between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

-Autotrophs take in carbon dioxide and water and produce oxygen and organic carbon. -Heterotrophs use organic carbon and oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and water.

Select all the statements that apply to prokaryotes.

-Fossil examples date back at least 3.5 billion years. -Bacteria and Archaea belong to the group. -They possess a simple cell architecture.

Which of the following statements correctly describe differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? (Select all that apply.)

-Prokaryotes likely evolved first and have an older fossil record. -Eukaryotes have a more complex cell structure.

Match the general categories of organisms to the correct classification. 1. Poikilotherms 2. Endotherms 3. Homeotherms

1. Most invertebrates and fish 2. Tunas and some sharks 3. Seabirds and mammals

1. plankton 2. nekton 3. benthos

1. Organisms that are generally small and unable to move faster than the currents 2. Organisms that are larger and able to move faster than the currents 3. Organisms of various size living on or in the sea floor

1. Euphotic zone 2. Aphotic zone 3. Disphotic zone

1. The area where there is enough light for the growth of photosynthetic organisms 2.The area where no light penetrates 3. Where there is sufficient light to see but not enough to support photosynthesis

1. diffusive 2. conducive 3. viscous

1. mass 2. heat 3. momentum

Charles Darwin and ______ are the two nineteenth-century English naturalists that first proposed natural selection.

Alfred Wallace

Select the statement below that best represents how all life on Earth is most likely related.

All life on Earth likely shares one common ancestor.

Select all the statements that correctly describe the flow of energy and chemicals between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Autotrophs take in carbon dioxide and water and produce oxygen and organic carbon. Heterotrophs use organic carbon and oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and water.

The ______ classification system is used to name and classify related organisms. The naming system proceeds from the least specific (kingdoms) to the most specific (species).

Linnaean

Select the statement below that is true about organisms moving between freshwater and salt water.

Most saltwater and freshwater organisms will die when subjected to the opposite conditions.

Identify the two main mechanisms that allow nutrients to enter the surface waters

Nutrient runoff from land Upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters

What is taxonomy?

The classification of organisms based on morphology

Select the largest single habitat on Earth.

The marine environment

Identify the different areas of the pelagic zone.

a- Epipelagic b- Mesopelagic c-Bathypelagic d- Abyssopelagic

Phylogeny is used to ______.

determine the evolutionary relationships between organisms and their descendants

The main difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs is autotrophs can

generate their own organic food source, and heterotrophs cannot

Marine mammals are classified as ______ in terms of their heat relationship with the surrounding environment.

homeotherms

Marine mammals are classified as ______ in terms of their heat relationship with the surrounding environmet

homeotherms

Super-chilled, highly saline ocean waters form ______.

in polar locations where salt is extruded during the formation of sea ice and brine channels form

Organisms living in the pelagic zone that can move faster than the currents are called____ , and those that are unable to move faster than the currents are______

nekton, plankton

Identify important nutrients for the growth of marine phytoplankton and seaweeds. (Select all that apply, but not all needed nutrients are listed here.)

nitrate phosphate

Nitrate and ammonium are important nutrients for marine plants because they need a source of ___

nitrogen

Natural __________ is the process in which those organisms best suited for their environment are more likely to reproduce successfully.

selection

Molecular transport works best across ______ distances.

shorter

Select all the true statements below about the comparison between marine and terrestrial diversity.

-The ocean has representatives from many more phyla than the terrestrial system. -The oceans appear to have many fewer species than terrestrial environments.

Select all the true statements below about the comparison between marine and terrestrial diversity.

-The oceans appear to have many fewer species than terrestrial environments. -The ocean has representatives from many more phyla than the terrestrial system.

Select all the statements that are true in regard to the diversity of life in the oceans.

-The oceans contain representatives from each of life's domains. -The oceans contain a representative from each kingdom.

Identify known functions of bioluminescence. (Select all that apply.)

-To call attention to the predator so bigger predators may come after it -To use as a "fishing lure" to attract prey -To see in the dark waters of the deep sea -To startle or distract a predator

Select all the adaptations different organisms are known to use to survive in extremely cold marine environments.

-Using cryoprotectants to prevent freezing by lowering the cell's freezing point -Using ice-binding proteins to limit damage -Using different fatty acids to maintain flexible membranes

The Linnaean classification system at the kingdom level and below involves______((Select all that apply.)

-arranging related organisms into a hierarchical set of groups -a naming scheme that moves from the least specific to the most specific group

The Linnaean classification system at the kingdom level and below involves______(select all that apply)

-arranging related organisms into a hierarchical set of groups -a naming scheme that moves from the least specific to the most specific group

The surface water temperatures near land tend to be more extreme than those of the open ocean at the same latitude. This is because ______. (Select all that apply.)

-coastal upwelling can bring cold waters up from depth -the weather over land is more extreme

Surface waters worldwide have large temperature ranges. This is due to ______. (Select all that apply.)

-seasonal variability -latitudinal variability -coastal upwelling

The depth to which light penetrates the ocean is largely determined by ______. (Select all that apply.)

-the angle of the Sun's rays -the wavelength of the light -the amount of particulate and dissolved matter in the water

Match each seafloor zone to its description. 1. Supralittoral 2. Littoral 3. Sublittoral 4. Bathyal and Abyssal

1. The splash zone, an area only covered by wave spray during the highest spring tides 2.The intertidal zone, the area covered and uncovered daily by the tides 3. The area from the lowest low tide to the edge of the continental shelf 4. Areas of complete darkness and without seasonal change

1. Poikilotherms 2. Endotherms 3. Homeotherms

1. They have no means of metabolically regulating their body temperature. 2. They can maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding environment but do not have a fine degree of temperature control. 3. They can maintain a nearly constant body temperature, often well above the surrounding environment.

1. Phytoplankton 2. Zooplankton 3. Bacterioplankton

1. They photosynthesize and are thus photoautotrophic. 2.They are eukaryotic and consume organic matter. 3. They are heterotrophic prokaryotes.

Rank the following colors based on depth of penetration into the ocean. (Place the deepest penetration on the bottom.)

1. red 2. yellow 3. green 4. blue

1. Supralittoral 2.. Littoral 3.Sublittoral 4.Bathyal and Abyssal

1. splash zone 2. The intertidal zone, the area covered and uncovered daily by the tides 3.The area from the lowest low tide to the edge of the continental shelf 4. Areas of complete darkness and without seasonal change

1.oceanic 2.neretic 3.benthic 4.pelagic

1.A subdivision of a major zone; the open ocean away from the direct influence of land 2. , A subdivision of a major zone; the ocean above the continental shelf 3. One of the two major zones; covers the seafloor environment 4. One of the two major zones; covers the water environment

Overall, for every decrease in the size of organisms by a factor of 10, the abundance of organisms increases by a factor of

10

The size of organisms increases by a factor of , as the amount of biomass of the organisms drops by 10.

10

Select the following statement that best reflects the effects of salinity on species distributions.

Most species distributions are limited by salinity conditions.

________is a classification system based on evolutionary relationships between ancestor organisms and their descendants. Currently, the system uses_______

Phylogeny; genetic

If the density of the local ocean water is 1.02 g/mL, what organisms below will tend to sink?

Plankton with a density of 1.10 g/mL

Sea creatures use bioluminescence to do all of the following except

To serve as compass for the organism

True or false: Representatives from every domain of life can be found in the oceans.

True

Phytoplankton must be able to adapt to a wide range of conditions because they

are moved by currents and via ocean mixing, both vertically and horizontally over short time frames

The difference between macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients is that macro-nutrients ______.

are required in higher concentrations than micro-nutrients

The salt expelled from the ice as seawater freezes can form brine channels of extremely cold and highly saline waters. Geographically, this tends to occur ______.

at the poles

All life can be divided into two groups of organisms based on how they derive energy and carbon for growth.......

autotrophs, heterotrophs

Eukarya, Archaea, and________represent the three____________life, based on cell morphology and DNA sequences.

bacteria, domains

A sea creature with a swimbladder will ______ affected by a drastic change in pressure.

be adversely

The variety of life in a given area is referred to as ______.

biological diversity

The process of pulling carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the ocean through the activity of biological processes is called the ______.

biological pump

The light generated by organisms themselves is called ______.

bioluminescence

Research into factors such as how size and shape affect an organism's transportation of mass and energy is conducted in the field of ______.

biomechanics

We say life on Earth is carbon-based. We say this because ______.

both autotrophic and heterotrophic.....

The biological pump is the process of drawing _______ from the atmosphere and into the ocean through primary productivity.

carbon dioxide

Biomechanics involves the study of how ______.

chemistry and physics affect basic biological characteristics

Factors that influence the salinity of surface waters include ______. (Select all that apply.)

climate circulation patterns temperature seasonal changes

Countershading is a ______.

color pattern where a marine organism's back is dark and the underside is light

Marine organisms that live in cold environments have different attributes that allow them to function there including ice-binding proteins, special fatty acids, and _______

cryoprotectants

Cells must maintain a large surface area to volume ratio so that _________can supply nutrients to the cell.

diffusion

Millions of microbes can be found in as little as one ______ of seawater.

drop

Tuna generate heat in their muscles and are able to avoid losing much of this heat by using a countercurrent heat exchange. This allows them to maintain a temperature that is above the surrounding water. Organisms like this that can maintain a temperature above the surrounding environment, but without a fine degree of control, are known as

endotherms

Sunlight reaches greater depths in the _______ zone in the open ocean compared to coastal regions because the water is clearer.

euphotic

in the disphotic zone, there is some light but not enough to support photosynthesis. However, in the _______zone, above there is enough light, and in the________ zone, below there is no light.

euphotic, aphotic

The development of a new species, as a result of a population changing its genetic makeup, in response to differential reproduction of its members is encapsulated in the theory of______

evolution

True or false: The conditions phytoplankton must be able to adapt to are rather small since the marine environment is fairly stable.

false

When oxygen levels drop below about 2 mg/L, most animal life cannot survive. This condition is known as ________; when levels fall to 0 mg/L the condition is known as________

hypoxia, anoxia

Since autotrophic organisms require inorganic carbon for growth and heterotrophic organisms require organic carbon for growth, we can say that ______.

life is based on carbon

The ______ classification system is used to name and classify related organisms. The naming system proceeds from the least specific (kingdoms) to the most specific (species).

linnean

______-nutrients are required by organisms in higher concentrations than Blank________-nutrients.

macro, micro

Marine organisms ______ will not be grossly affected by changes in pressure.

made of watery tissues

The ________ environment represents the single largest habitat on Earth.

marine

What is the maximum number of microbes you could theoretically find in a drop of water?

millions

Phytoplankton that can both photosynthesize or consume organic matter depending on environmental conditions are known as

mixotrophic

Larger organisms such as whales and dolphins have a small surface area to volume ratio. This increases the impact of ______, and they take advantage of this by gliding in the water.

momentum

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace are credited as being the first scientists to propose

natural selection

Organisms that are best adapted to life in a particular environment are more likely to reproduce successfully. This is called

natural selection

Runoff from land and upwelling are the two main ways ______.

nutrients is supplied to surface water

A special type of diffusion where water moves across a membrane from an area of lower salinity to an area of higher salinity is called

osmosis

Respiration is the ______ of organic matter to carbon dioxide to derive ______.

oxidation, energy

Primary productivity and gas exchange with the atmosphere are the two main reasons ______ levels are the highest in surface waters.

oxygen

Marine creatures that use CaCO3 to create shells are most sensitive to changes in________ levels in water, but the changes also

pH

The marine environment can be divided into two general zones, the______.........._______

pelagic, benthic

Inorganic nutrients are at their lowest levels in surface waters because ____

phytoplankton deplete them as they grow

The most dramatic differences in salinity occur near estuaries. This is because of the

proximity to freshwater sources

Organisms that live in and are well-adapted to very cold environments are referred to as ______.

psychrophiles

Oxidizing organic matter to derive energy is called

respiration

Biological diversity refers to the ______.

richness and variety of life found on our planet

Sponges and sea cucumbers have an internal salinity ______ the surrounding sea water.

same as

Marine organisms use color (or the absence of it) for ______. (Select all that apply.)

sexual selection hiding from prey predatory avoidance

An organism with an average density greater than that of surrounding seawater will tend to

sink

An organism's ability to exchange heat with the environment using conductive transport is limited mainly by the ______ of the organism.

size

The most abundant organisms in the ocean are the ______ organisms.

smallest

The theory of evolution explains that a population will gradually adapt to take on the traits of the most successful individuals within that population, ultimately leading to the development of a new

species

Select all the organisms below that typically have the same salinity level inside of their cells as the surrounding waters.

sponges sea cucumbers

The best predictor of the abundance of phytoplankton in the photic zone is the ______.

supply of nutrients

The classification of organisms based on shared traits is

taxonomy

Phytoplankton rapidly incorporate inorganic nutrients as they grow. The result of this is ______.

the concentration of inorganic nutrients generally increases with depth

Bioluminescence is ______.

the light some organisms are able to produce themselves

Valuable drugs and other marine products are most likely to come from _____

the most diverse marine ecosystems

Phytoplankton abundance is generally high in coastal waters and upwelling zones because ______.

the supply of nutrients is greatest there

he classification of similar organisms into groups is based on ______.

the theory of evolution

Sunlight tends to penetrate to greater depths farther offshore because

there are fewer particles in the waters of the euphotic zone of the open ocean

Very small organisms (less than 1 mm) living in the water column of the ocean have a large surface to volume ratio. This is beneficial to them because ______.

they are strongly affected by viscous forces but not by momentum

Large single-celled organisms tend to be flat rather than round because ______.

this increases the efficiency of diffusion

Many zooplankton and jellyfish use ______ to blend in with their watery background.

transparency

True or false: As far as we know, the ocean ecosystem has fewer species than the terrestrial environment does.

true

True or false: Biodiversity is a good measure of ecosystem health.

true

True or false: Microbes are the most abundant organisms in the sea.

true

True or false: The wavelength of the light is an important factor that influences how deep the light will penetrate into the ocean.

true

Photosynthetic autotrophs combine_______and carbon dioxide, using sunlight as a source of energy, to produce organic carbon, which heterotrophs combine with________to liberate the stored energy.

water, oxygen

The difference between hypoxic and anoxic conditions is anoxia occurs ______.

where the oxygen level is zero, and hypoxia occurs where some oxygen is present but below a concentration of 2 mg/L