ch 11 section 2 psych

Environment, the behavior itself and personal or cognitive factors from previous experience

Bandura believed that these three things influenced personality and behavior

reciprocal determinism

Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

Allport

First person to list and describe traits, went through the dictionary and believed these traits were wired into our genes

openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Five big traits

Cattal

Identified two different type of traits: source traits and surface traits, believed in 16 traits

Expectancy and reinforcement value

Rotter believed that these two key factors influenced a person's decision to act in a certain way in a situation

25 to 50

The study of genetics and personality seems to indicate that variations in personality traits are about ______ to _______ percent inherited

Adoption studies

These confirmed that genetic influences account for a great deal of personality development regardless of environment

trait

a constant, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

fully functioning person

a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings

expectancy

a person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence

self

an individual's awareness of their own personal characteristics and level of functioning

surface traits

aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

rating scale

assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale

frequency count

assessment in which the frequency of a behavior is counted

direct observation

assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary behavior in wither a clinical or natural habit

Albert Bandura

creator of social cognitive theory

projection

defense mechanism involving placing or projecting one's unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to the other people

neuroticism

degree of emotional instability or stability

Murray

developed the TAT

Hofstede

developed the four dimensions of cultural personality

introversion

dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation

extraversion

dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people

behavioral genetics

field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics

individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance

four dimensions of cultural personality

sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, introversion/extroversion, percieving/judging

four personality dimensions myers briggs

Minnesota twin studies

identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins or unrelated people in intelligence, leadership, ability to follow rules, and tendency to uphold cultural expectations

environment

includes the physical surroundings, other people who may or may not be present, and the potential for reinforcement of surrounding

self-efficacy

individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

Social Cognitive view

learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models

interview

method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in structured or unstructured fashion

five factor model

model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Version II

most common personality inventory, tests for abnormal behavior patterns

real self

one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

ideal self

one's perception of who one should be or would like to become

personality inventory

paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test

extraverts

people who are outgoing and social

introverts

people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention

Projective tests

personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind

Myers Briggs Type Indicator

personality test based on the ideas of carl jung and looks at four personality dimensions

Rorschach inkblot test

projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli

Thematic appreciation test

projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli

subjective

referring to concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, etc

halo effect

tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements

humanistic perspective

the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice

trait situation interaction

the assumption that particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed

conscientiousness

the care a person give to organization and thoughtfulness of others, dependability

agreeableness

the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant

self-concept

the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life

source traits

the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

self-actualizing tendency

the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities

locus of control

the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

trait theories

theories that endeavor to describe characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

social cognitive theorists

theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies of learning

Julian Rotter

viewed personality as a set of relatively stable potential responses to various situations, developed a theory based on thorndike's law of effect

positive regard

warmth, affection, love and respect that comes from significant other's in one's life

50

what percent rate of heritability do the big five traits have across cultures?

openness

willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences