Ch. 12 & 13
If greenhouse gas levels remain the same as today, we can expect 50-year temperature increases in the range of _____ °C:
0.5-1.5
Data from the past 100 years indicates that global temperatures have increased approximately _____ °C:
0.6
A complete water circulation in the ocean "conveyor belt" takes _____ years.
1000
The peak of the last Ice Age, when glaciers blanketed much of North America, was _____ years ago.
18,000
Global warming is suspected to be responsible for sea level changes of _____.
2.4 mm/yr
The Earth's axial tilt (declination), which causes seasons, is _____ degrees from vertical.
23.5
Deserts comprise approximately _____ of the world's total land area.
25%
A rogue wave may have a trough-to-crest height reaching _____m.
29
In the glacial "ice budget," a zone of snow accumulation is balanced by a zone of _____.
ablation
Evidences of recent climate change are found in _____.
all of the above (changes in animal migration, including penguins, shrinking of mountain glaciers, reduction of sea ice, and increased temp in the arctic)
Barrier islands typically feature _____.
all of the above (spits, tombolos, bay barriers, and tidal inlets)
Sea level fluctuates as the result of _____.
all of the above (tidal force, changes in water volume due to ocean warming, changes in ocean basin volume from shifts of lithosphere plates.)
When arroyos empty their sediments onto a flat desert floor, the resulting deposit forms a(n)_____.
alluvial fan
The "ozone hole" is most noticeable over _____.?
antartica
The Earth's atmosphere is a mixture of gases dominated by oxygen and nitrogen. The next most abundant gas (in dry air) is _____.
argon
When desert canyons are closely spaced, their deposits on flatlands often form _____.
bahadas
The Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States are mostly _____coast.
barred
The main mechanism of glacial movement is _____.
basal sliding
A passage between Russia and Alaska, which became passable during the Ice Age, is the _____.
bering land bridge
The most probable cause of anthropogenic warming in the foreseeable future is the increase in _____.
carbon dioxide
The elements sulfur, potassium and sodium in ocean salt comes from___________.
chemical weathering of rocks
Which of the following class of compounds is believed to cause destruction of stratospheric ozone?
chlorofluorocarbons
Which of the following is NOT a glacial deposit?
cirque
The figure below indicates that water on Earth may have come originally from inside the Earth, through volcanoes, and from _____.
comets and meteorites
The mechanism of wind erosion in which loose particles of sand and dust are picked up and removed, leaving behind only coarser particles, is called _____.
deflation
Irrigation in the Great Plains, as shown in the figure below, helps prevent desertification, but it also leads to _____.
depletion of aquifers
An American experience with desertification in the earlier 20th Century, as shown in the figure, is called The _____
dust bowl
Which of the following does NOT have a known effect on Earth's climate?
earth-moon tidal gravity
The Coriolis Effect is caused by _____.
earths rotation
Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of enhanced global warming?
enlarged ozone hole
The glacial valley shown here was formed by ______.:
glacial erosion
Which of the following is NOT a type of desert?
grassland
The surface ocean current in the figure below, that flows northward into the Atlantic Ocean and east across the Carolina coast, is called the _____:
gulf stream
When cirques form on several sides of a mountain, they often form a _____.
horn
The amount of water in the air is expressed by the term _____.
humidity
There may be two tides per day in a given area because of the effect of the Moon's gravity, and because of _____.
inertial force
The "Biosphere 2" project was not a scientific success largely because _____.
it ran out of gas
An enclosed bay inshore from a barrier bar is a(n) _____.
lagoon
The steepest portion of a desert sand dune is on the _____ side.
leeward
Which of the following is NOT a type of glacier?
marine glacier
A ridge of material that rides along the middle of a glacial ice stream is called a ______ moraine.
medial
Cold, salty water off the coast of Greenland sinks to form a large ocean mass called _____.
north atlantic deep water
Christopher Columbus sailed west to America on which of the illustrated surface ocean currents?
northwest trades
Ancient temperatures are best extrapolated by comparing isotopes of _____ gas.
oxygen
A _____ is a broad lobe of ice that terminates on open slopes beyond a mountain front.
piedmont glacier
Glacial ice is generally formed by _____.
recrystallized snow
When sedimentary particles move in series of short bounces, the process is termed _____.
saltation
Which of the following is NOT a significant benefit of coral reefs?
sandy beach creation
A _____ dune, shown in the figure below, forms from shifting wind directions and abundant sand.
star
The rocks at the base of an advancing glacier leave parallel scratches termed glacial _____.
striations
Wave activity that occurs between the line of breakers and the shore is called _____.
surf
The upper density zone of the ocean is called the _____:
surface layer
A shoreline with lots of bedrock in the water and coastal cliffs with terraces is probably _____.
tectonically passive (inactive)
Continental ice sheets gouged out _____, a major feature in the central North American lowlands.
the great lakes
The term "conveyer belt circulation" is also referred to as _____.
the thermohaline circulation
_____ is the astronomical motion considered by Milankovitch as most related to the seasons.
tilt of the axis
A ridge of sand and gravel that connects an island to a mainland is a(n) _____.
tombolo
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
uneven heating of the land surface by solar radiation gives rise to winds and tides
At the base of a wave-cut cliff, one will usually find a _____.
wave-cut bench
At a depth of _______, wave motion becomes negligible.
λ/2