Ch. 1,2 & 3 quiz

Carbohydrates have the general formula (CH2O)n. where n is the number of carbon atoms. This means for every carbon atom there are

2 hydrogen & 1 oxygen atom

___________ amino acids can have either a negatively charged R group or a positively charged R group

Charged

It is _______ that most molecules formed with nonpolar bonds dissolve easily in water; True or False

False

True or False: An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell but can only be used once

False

Nonpolar amino acids tend to group with other amino acids by _______________ interactions

Hydrophobic

How is potassium distributed in the body?

Most potassium is inside the cells, with a much lower concentration in the blood and other extracellular body fluids

___________ amino acids contain R groups with either hydrogen or hydrocarbons

Nonpolar

______ amino acids contain R groups with elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen

Polar

The 3rd group, which comprises the rest of the molecule is a(n) ____ group, which varies depending on the specific amino acid

R

How would an anatomist describe the bladder?

The bladder wall contains a transitional epithelium and several layers of smooth muscle.

The valence shell of atoms refers to

The outer most shell of electrons

How do nerve cells and cardiac muscle cells make use of the sudden movement of ions across cell membranes?

The resulting electrical change of the membrane is used to send neural impulses and signal muscle cells to contract

How would a physiologist describe the small intestine?

The small intestine has a large surface area for more efficient digestion and reabsorption

In DNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine ?

Thymine

It is ______ that the nature of water molecules allows them to "pull apart" ionic bonds such as NaCl, due to the positive and negative charges attracting each other; True or False

True

Lipids are

a major component of the cell membrane

One of the additional 3 groups is a(n) _______ group, another is a carboxyl group, or an ______, hence the name of this subunit of proteins

amino, acid

A polar covalent bond is created when

atoms within the bond do not have the same pull on the shared electron, and as a result the electron spends more time around one atom relative to the other atom within the bond.

The amount of time it takes for 50% of radioactive material to leave the body is referred to as the ___________ half-life

biological

All organic compounds contain _________, hydrogen, and usually oxygen

carbon

Amino acids are built around a central _______ atom bonded to a(n) ____________ atom and 3 other groups of atoms

carbon, hydrogen

The breaking of old chemical bonds and forming of new ones is called

chemical reaction

Blood plasma contains water mixed with proteins. Therefore, it is considered a

colloid

The amount of which subatomic particle is different between an atom and its ion?

electrons

Reactions that release energy are called

exergonic reactions

True or false: If an individual is in the anatomical position , they are lying horizontal with palms facing up

false

Polar and charged amino acids are

hydrophilic

In the stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule?

hydrophobic portions

Radioisotopes lose nuclear energy as they decay or break down, thus becoming __________ stable

more

When blood sugar levels increase after a meal, insulin is released. This lowers sugar levels back toward normal. This is an example of

negative feedback

Radioisotopes are unstable forms of isotopes because they contain an excess number of

neutrons

What is an example of an monomer ?

nucleotide, amino acid & glucose

If an electron and a hydrogen ion are removed from a structure during a chemical reaction, The structure is said to have been

oxidized

The _______________ lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

parietal peritoneum

investigating the function of organ systems is a disease state best describes

pathophysiology

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

peptide bonds

The ___________ half-life is the amount of time it takes 50% of the radioisotope to become stable

physical

Calcaneal is to heel as _____ is to sole of the foot.

plantar

When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. These new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. This amplification is an example of

positive feedback

When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until climatic event occurs, it is best as described as

positive feedback

Enzymes are

proteins

If you are cold, and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing?

regulation

When an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of

responsiveness

The helix that forms in a protein chain as a result of hydrogen bonds and other weak forces is an example of

secondary structure of protein

Cephalic is to head as deltoid is to

shoulder

Table sugar completely dissolved in water is an example of a

solution

What binds to the active site of an enzyme

substrate

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that binds DNA but is unstable to bind RNA. This best displays the enzyme characteristics of

substrate specificity

what is true of a positive feedback

the change is amplified

Homeostasis is best described as

the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment.

When an egg is fried, what happens to the protein in the egg?

the protein is denatured

Potassium exists as a positively charged ion, not just in us, but universally. Why does it so readily lose an electron resulting in the proton/electron mismatch?

the valence shell of potassium contains an unmatched electron, which it will readily donate to another atom, thus leaving a net positive charge

True or False: Cytosine and guanine form 3 hydrogen bonds with each other

true

True or False: Some homeostatic imbalance causes a variable that is normally controlled by negative feedback to be abnormally controlled by positive feedback

true