Ch 12

Which numbered structure carries the efferent signal?

4 The efferent signal is carried on the motor axon from the CNS to the effector organ.

Integration site that will result in Alex screaming, "Ouch!"

Ascending pathways to the cerebral cortex

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between spinal neuronal pathways and cortical neuronal pathways?

Cortical neuronal pathways travel outside of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex and are slower than spinal neuronal pathways.

Pathway that produces the end result of rubbing the affected area on the foot

Descending voluntary motor response

Which of the following statements describes interneurons?

Interneurons are multipolar neurons that are confined to the CNS and are linked together in chains that form complex neuronal pathways.

Which statement below describes the nervous tissue damage associated with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Myelin sheaths produced by oligodendrocytes are destroyed.

What role does parallel processing play in the events surrounding burning your finger on a hot stove?

Nerve impulses travel on an axon branch that extends into white matter and then ascends to the brain.

Which of the following examples is representative of serial processing?

Neurons linked in a chain pass signals along a single pathway "for example, along a chain of interneurons carrying a sensory impulse to the brain.

Which of the following is an example of a multipolar neuron?

Purkinje cells in the cerebellum

Which of the following explains why cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the PNS (outside the CNS) in ganglia?

Sensory neurons arise from neural crest cells.

Lifting the leg after stepping on the tack

Somatic motor response initiated by the spinal cord

When Stephanie burns herself on a hotplate, she immediately pulls back her arm, screams in pain, and starts running her hand under cold water. Which of the following events is NOT associated with the cortical pathways activated during Stephanie's response?

The immediate withdrawal of her hand from the hotplate

What is the most likely function of the neuron illustrated here?

a sensory neuron

__________neurons are rare neurons, but are located in the retina and in the olfactory mucosa.

bipolar

What important function could be diminished if the cilia on ependymal cells were absent?

circulation of cerebrospinal fluid Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid could be negatively affected if cilia on ependymal cells were absent.

The processes that branch from the cell body of a neuron and receive signals from other neurons are__________.

dendrites

Microglia are unlike other neuroglial cells in that they __________.

derive from pre-natal monocytes

__________is seen in a stretch reflex when the stretch of a muscle stimulates numerous sensory neurons that then synapse with 100 or more neurons in the grey matter of the spinal cord.

divergence

Which type of circuit distributes a nervous signal to multiple pathways?

diverging circuit A diverging circuit distributes a single signal to multiple different neural pathways.

Motor neurons __________.

form junctions with effector cells, stimulating muscles to contract or glands to secrete

In which direction does the nerve signal pass at the synapse illustrated here?

from presynaptic axon terminal to postsynaptic dendrite Neurotransmitters released from the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron bind to the receptor sites on the dendrites (or on the soma) of the postsynaptic neuron, thus transmitting the signal from one neuron to the next.

Location of integration that aids in the localization of the stimulus and allows for the perception of pain

gray matter in the cerebral cortex

Where is the structural link between the CNS and PNS located?

in the gray matter of the CNS

Multiple sclerosis (MS) __________.

is a demyelinating disease that affects more women than men, and affects men later in life is not always easy to diagnose because of its range of symptoms and presentation is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by numbness or pain on the skin, muscle weakness, slurred speech, and difficulty in maintaining balance is five times more common in temperate Europe or the United States than in tropical countries (ALL listed Above are correct)

Which factors contribute to increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmission?

larger diameter of axon and the presence of myelin sheath

Which part or parts of the neuron are found in the white matter of the central nervous system?

long axonal processes The white matter of the CNS is composed of long myelinated and nonmyelinated axons. All neuronal cell bodies are located in gray matter in the CNS.

The simplest type of reflex, in which there is no interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron, is called a __________reflex.

monosynaptic

Includes an ascending tract that carries the nerve impulses from a sensory neuron to the brain

parallel processing

Nerve fascicles are bound into bundles by a wrapping of connective tissue called __________.

perineurium

All of the following functions are attributed to astrocytes EXCEPT ______.

propagation of calcium signals that may be involved in interpreting emotions This is the exception and is not a function attributed to astrocytes. Astrocytes may propagate calcium signals involved in memory

The visceral motor division of the PNS __________.

regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and regulates secretion by the body's many glands

The image here illustrates __________ .

unmyelinated axons surrounded by a Schwann cell Schwann cells surround all axons in the PNS. Multiple unmyelinated axons embed within a surrounding Schwann cell

A non reflexive motor response initiated by the gray matter of the cerebral cortex that leads to the activation of multiple somatic motor neurons

voluntary motor response

A polysynaptic reflex that is initiated by a painful stimulus and results in the removal of the affected limb

withdrawal reflex