Ch. 13 AP Human Geography

A process by which banks designate an area within which they refuse to lend money for improvements is A) redlining. B) blockbusting. C) gentrification. D) zoning. E) filtering.

A

According to the multiple nuclei model, an airport is likely to attract nearby A) hotels and warehouses. B) residences and highways. C) hospitals and clinics. D) retail and wholesale shops. E) universities and colleges.

A

Based on previous redlining policies, minority groups in U.S. cities are more likely to be A) clustered in inner-city neighborhoods. B) distributed across the commuter zone. C) distributed uniformly in the city. D) clustered in suburbs. E) dispersed throughout the city.

A

Most U.S. metropolitan areas have a council of government which means A) it coordinates planning for the overall area. B) a tax collection agency. C) it works to resist any annexation attempts. D) it replaces the school districts. E) an organization who provides legal counsel on annexation.

A

Public housing is A) low-income government-owned housing. B) housing that has changed from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment. C) buildings housing public services, such as government agencies. D) a conversion of low-income housing to middle-class housing. E) illegally established low-income housing.

A

Social area analysis attempts to explain A) the distribution of different types of people in an urban area. B) the changing location of retail and office activities in North American cities. C) the development of squatter settlements in developing countries. D) regions ideal for social services. E) which of the three models of urban structure is the most accurate in the United States.

A

The "Boswash" corridor that stretches from Boston to Washington, D.C., was named "Megalopolis" A) by geographer Jean Gottmann. B) as a counterbalance to the plans of geographer Hugh Separalle. C) because it covered more than one-fourth of total U.S. land area. D) by economist, philanthropist, and geographer Harvey Keitel. E) because it was planned to house more than half of the U.S. population.

A

The Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City would be identified by the Griffin-Ford model as A) a spine. B) a zone of in situ accretion. C) a suburban settlement. D) the market. E) a zone of maturity.

A

The Spine and Disamenity zones are most closely associated with a(n) A) Latin American city. B) Apartheid city. C) French Colonial city. D) Southeast Asian city. E) Muslim city.

A

The city of ________ declined from 1.8 million inhabitants in 1950 to 700,000 in 2010. A) Detroit B) St. Louis C) Miami D) San Diego E) Chicago

A

The multiple nuclei model A) includes nodes such as a port, a university, airport, and a park. B) includes a nucleus in the CBD which is connected to a nucleus in the suburbs. C) links a seaport, an airport, and a railway station. D) involves four linked CBDs. E) disregards the use of nodes.

A

As a result of high land costs, the American CBD is characterized by A) suburban sprawl. B) the construction of skyscrapers. C) the reuse of existing buildings. D) less intensive land use. E) a high threshold and range.

B

During the process of ________, the owner may abandon the property because the rents that can be collected are less than the costs involved in upkeep. A) blockbusting B) filtering C) urban blight D) redlining E) gentrification

B

In U.S. cities, the underclass is largely A) dispersed throughout the city. B) clustered in inner-city neighborhoods. C) distributed across the commuter zone. D) distributed evenly between the suburbs and the city. E) clustered in suburbs.

B

In a simplified model of a city, the zone where retail and office activities are clustered is the A) urbanized downtown area. B) central business district. C) hub. D) central commerce zone. E) metropolitan statistical area.

B

Most people are homeless because they A) are lazy or lack the kind of work ethic that wealthy people have. B) cannot afford housing and lack a regular source of income, perhaps because of job loss, mental illness, or family problems. C) cannot afford a college education, which is required in order to obtain and maintain a steady job in the United States. D) fail to achieve the level of "survival of the fittest" as prescribed by social Darwinism. E) cannot afford medicine and lack a middle-class source of income, usually because of mental illness, pregnancy, and family problems.

B

Precolonial Mexico City may be likened to what other city in its layout? A) São Paulo B) Beijing C) Fez D) Ho Chi Minh City E) Curitiba

B

Social conditions in inner cities do NOT include which of the following? A) An informal drug economy exists. B) Low paying jobs are sufficient but skills are not present in the inner city population. C) Food deserts are common. D) Crime rates are high. E) Police and fire protection are limited.

B

The Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City would be identified by the Griffin-Ford model as A) a spine. B) a zone of in situ accretion. C) a suburban settlement. D) the market. E) a zone of maturity.

B

The underground CBD is characterized by A) public services such as municipal offices. B) communication networks, subway trains, and pedestrian passages. C) chain restaurants. D) high-end boutique shops serving downtown workers. E) high threshold retail services.

B

U.S. inner cities face fiscal problems because A) federal and state funds are available. B) low-income people are concentrated there. C) blockbusting has strengthened ethnic neighborhoods. D) middle-class families are attracted there. E) redlining is no longer legal.

B

When the models of urban structure developed in Chicago are applied to São Paulo, one conclusion is that A) the models don't work in São Paulo. B) the poorest people are located in different areas. C) physical geography has not influenced the distribution of social classes in São Paulo. D) São Paulo doesn't have high income neighborhoods. E) both cities are located near large lakes.

B

Which of the following activities would you likely find in the CBD? A) single family dwelling B) residential lofts C) major car dealerships D) Walmart E) Amazon warehouses

B

Which of the following was NOT included in Beijing under the Yuan Dynasty? A) Drum Tower B) informal settlements C) palaces D) outer and inner walls E) residential areas

B

A census area based on commuting patterns is called a A) Primary Statistical Area. B) Core-based Statistical Area. C) Combines Statistical Area. D) Micropolitan Statistical Area. E) Metropolitan Statistical Area.

C

According to the sector model, the best housing is located in A) an outer ring surrounding the city. B) renovated inner-city neighborhoods. C) a corridor from downtown to the edge of the city. D) nodes near universities and parks. E) gated communities.

C

After 1573, most Spanish colonial cities were designed to have A) gridiron street plans centered on a church and plaza, walls around houses, and narrower, more winding streets than are in the centers of most European cities. B) neighborhoods built around central, smaller plazas with parish churches and older quarters with narrow, winding streets and cramped residences. C) gridiron street plans centered on a church and plaza, walls around houses, and wider streets than are in the centers of most European cities. D) a gridiron street plan, a cathedral, and at least 20 parish churches for each city. E) winding street plans centered on a church and plaza, garden lawns around houses, and wider streets than the centers of most European cities.

C

British cities are surrounded by open space known as A) squatter settlements. B) suburbs. C) greenbelts. D) public housing. E) sprawl.

C

CBDs in Europe A) follow the concentric ring model. B) only house educational facilities and government offices. C) have higher numbers of residents and more day-to-day consumer services. D) have a limited variety of land uses. E) contain only government services.

C

Compared to the United Kingdom, the amount of sprawl in the United States is A) better controlled. B) declining. C) greater. D) about the same. E) less.

C

Gated communities best represent A) gerrymandering. B) a zoning ordinance. C) segregation based on social class. D) a country club. E) redlining.

C

In the United States, which of the following definitions of a city covers the largest functional area? A) central business district B) regional government federation C) metropolitan statistical area D) urbanized area E) central city

C

Land values are high in the CBD primarily because of A) less intensive land use. B) the lack of skyscrapers. C) competition for limited space. D) the lack of residential space. E) high threshold and range.

C

The U.S. government estimates ________ percent of the homeless are children. A) 10 B) 5 C) 25 D) 40 E) 15

C

The attractions of shopping malls include all but which of the following? A) place to meet friends B) frequent concerts and exhibitions C) walking distance from homes D) generous parking lots E) sheltered environments

C

The largest component of the U.S. population lives in A) rural settlements. B) central cities. C) suburbs. D) the second and third rings of the concentric zone model. E) nonmetropolitan areas.

C

The laws enacted in 1573 that specifically outlined how colonial Spanish cities were to be constructed were called the A) Laws of the Real Corona. B) American Indian Laws. C) Laws of the Indies. D) Colonial Center Laws. E) Bills of the Americas.

C

The peripheral model is most closely associated with A) the concentric circle model. B) smart growth. C) the multiple nuclei model. D) megalopolis development. E) the sector model.

C

The zone in transition in U.S. cities typically contains which of the following? A) suburbs, agricultural land, parking lots, and transportation hubs B) agricultural land C) warehouses, industry, and poorer-quality housing D) skyscrapers, suburbs, agricultural land, parking lots, and restaurants E) legal offices and parking lots

C

A growth boundary is associated with A) Captive Growth Programs. B) utility networks. C) Urban Density Reduction programs. D) Smart Growth Programs. E) emergency medical services.

D

A land use typically excluded from a North American CBD is A) office. B) public administration. C) legal. D) industrial. E) retail.

D

A process of converting a neighborhood from low-income to middle-class or upper-class is A) zoning. B) blockbusting. C) filtering. D) gentrification. E) redlining.

D

A recent change in the typical U.S. density gradient has been A) an increase in the extremes between the inner and outer areas. B) an increase in the differences in densities found within an urban area. C) the elimination of the gap traditionally found in the center. D) a reduction in the differences in densities found within an urban area. E) an increase in the number of people living in the center.

D

According to the concentric zone model, a city develops in a series of A) nodes. B) corridors. C) sectors. D) rings. E) quadrants.

D

According to the sector model, if family X has an income of $100,000 and family Y has an income of $40,000 but family Z has an income of $115,000 A) families X and Y are likely to live in the same sector of the city. B) families Y and Z are likely to live in the same sector of the city. C) families X, Y, and Z are likely to live in the same sector of the city. D) families X and Z are likely to live in the same sector of the city. E) none of these families are likely to live in the same sector of the city.

D

Compared to the United States, poor families in European cities are more likely to be A) clustered in inner-city neighborhoods. B) distributed uniformly in the city. C) living along major boulevards. D) clustered in suburbs. E) dispersed throughout the city.

D

Compared to the private automobile, public transportation offers more A) pollution. B) privacy. C) range. D) energy efficiency. E) flexibility.

D

European CBDs are similar to those in North America because they both contain A) ancient Roman structures. B) large numbers of skyscrapers. C) structures inherited from medieval times. D) retail and office activities. E) extensive residential areas.

D

Even with the diffusion of modern telecommunications, many lawyers, financial analysts, and public officials in CBDs still exchange information with colleagues primarily through A) high-cost influence peddling. B) interstate highway systems. C) television and radio broadcasts. D) face-to-face contact. E) the Internet.

D

Factories have moved to suburban locations in part because of A) good rail connections. B) adequate space to build vertical structures. C) availability of large tracts of high-priced land. D) access to main highways. E) access to cheap labor.

D

In the United States, public transportation systems are A) breaking even. B) as extensive as those in Europe. C) profitable. D) operating at a loss. E) changing the U.S. car culture.

D

Large numbers of employees of suburban businesses may suffer hardships because they do not A) own automobiles, although in this new urban landscape public transportation is widely available. B) have new school districts in an urban landscape where public schools are almost nonexistent. C) commute to the CBD on privately funded transportation systems. D) own automobiles in an urban landscape where public transportation is limited. E) experience sprawl.

D

Many of the poor on the periphery of cities in less developed countries live in areas known as A) public housing. B) the zone in transition. C) suburbs. D) squatter settlements. E) council estates.

D

Megalopolis refers to A) central cities. B) regional government federation. C) central cities plus urbanized areas. D) adjacent, overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas. E) consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas and their CBDs.

D

Multiple nuclei models are closely associated with contemporary cities in which geographical region? A) North Africa B) Central Asia C) Southwest Asia D) Southeast Asia E) Sub Sahara Africa

D

The areas on the periphery of cities in less developed countries are sometimes known as A) public housing, barmiadelas, fonelongas, or kuhpinongs. B) young city and old city zones. C) the zone in transition, suburbs, or public zone. D) barriadas, favelas bidonvilles, bastees, or kampongs. E) suburbs, barmiadelas, fonelongas, or kuhpinongs.

D

The challenge of local government fragmentation is A) schoolchildren have to change schools too often. B) gerrymandering keeps disrupting the boundaries. C) federal money goes to the group that complains the most. D) it makes it difficult to solve regional problems. E) there are too many elections.

D

The city plus its surrounding built-up suburbs is the A) central city. B) regional government federation. C) consolidated metropolitan statistical area. D) urbanized area. E) metropolitan statistical area.

D

The largest number of daily trips are made primarily for A) shopping. B) recreational endeavors. C) legal reasons. D) work. E) social meetings.

D

The process of legally adding land area to a city in the United States is A) an application of eminent domain. B) accreditation. C) zoning. D) annexation. E) defined by urbanized area.

D

The underclass is characterized in part by high rates of A) literacy and education. B) social mobility and government services. C) employment and illiteracy. D) drug addiction and illiteracy. E) fire protection and police protection.

D

Which of the following reasons is NOT one that supports gentrification? A) Inner city living reduces commute times. B) Houses may possess attractive architectural detail not found in new construction. C) Renovation of existing housing may be better than a new home. D) Government subsidizes loans to gentrify an area. E) Housing costs are generally lower.

D

A legal form of segregation in U.S. cities is achieved through A) redlining. B) blockbusting. C) greenbelts. D) busing. E) zoning.

E

According to Homer Hoyt's sector model, once a district with high-class housing is established, the most expensive new housing is built A) in old industrial buildings and retail shops. B) on the outer edge of the suburban area, farther out from the center. C) in the skyscrapers of the CBD. D) on the inner edge of that district, closer to the center. E) on the outer edge of that district, farther out from the center.

E

Chicago is a good location in which to develop urban models because it is located A) in the center of the country. B) near other primate cities. C) at the end of the nation's transportation system. D) on the shore of Lake Michigan. E) on a relatively flat prairie.

E

Cities tend to situate convention centers and sports complexes in their CBDs because A) of their low ranges and thresholds. B) the CBD offers large amounts of horizontal space. C) they have a need for the kind of rapid transportation that is only available in the CBD. D) they hope to lower real estate prices and tax revenues in their downtown areas. E) they hope to stimulate more business for downtown restaurants, bars, and hotels.

E

City-County consolidation is done to A) obtain more federal monies. B) avoid gerrymandering. C) maintain a monopoly of utilities. D) segregate rural landowners. E) introduce more efficient metropolitan governments.

E

Edge cities emerged as a consequence of A) highway construction. B) census classification. C) gentrification. D) remanufacturing. E) suburbanization.

E

Gentrification A) is the process by which upper-class people move into deteriorated middle-income neighborhoods and subdivide the housing so that lower-income people can move in. B) has almost no influence on housing prices and taxes. C) allows lower income families to remain in their homes through public subsidies. D) is the process by which lower-class people move into deteriorated middle-income neighborhoods and subdivide the housing. E) is the process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing.

E

Mexico City, under colonial rule, was developed according to the A) Treaty of Tordesillas. B) Colonial Center Laws. C) Laws of Cortez. D) Laws of Corona Real. E) Laws of the Indies.

E

Of the following activities, before the advent of the shopping mall, which is least likely to be found in a CBD? A) city hall B) high-end jewelry store C) office supply store D) legal services E) medical services

E

Population in census tracts rarely exceeds A) 1,000. B) 500. C) 2,500. D) 50,000. E) 5,000.

E

Public housing A) as high-rise concentrated living was successful in both Chicago and St. Louis. B) is only necessary in developing nations. C) is only found on an urban periphery. D) has kept pace with demand. E) demand outpaces supply.

E

Retail activities which tend to concentrate in the CBD include those which have A) a need for rapid transportation. B) no range. C) a need for large amounts of horizontal space. D) no threshold. E) services for office workers.

E

Sprawl is the A) increasing population density in rings two and three of the concentric zone model. B) land maintained as open space surrounding an urban area. C) period in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic. D) change in density within an urban area from the periphery to the center. E) development of new housing sites not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

E

What activity tends to locate on the street-level floor of a skyscraper in a typical North American CBD? A) industrial B) education C) government D) office E) retail

E

The strongest criticism of suburbs argued that historically A) low-income people and minorities are unable to live in some areas because of the high cost of the housing, the unfriendliness (or discrimination) of established residents, and fears that property values would decline if minorities were allowed to buy property there. B) they encouraged the buying and selling of too many automobiles. C) low-income people and minorities are able to live in some areas because of the low cost of the housing, the friendliness of established residents, and the myth that property values would decline if minorities were allowed to buy property there. D) low-income people and minorities are unable to live in some areas because of the high cost of the private schools there, the unfriendliness of African American and Hispanic minorities there, and the fear that property values would not change if other minorities were allowed to buy property there. E) legal devices, such as requiring several small houses to sit on a large lot of land amid several different apartments, prevented low-income families from living in many suburbs.

A