ch 13 learnsmart

The spinothalamic tract is found in which columns of the spinal cord?

Anterior and lateral

Place the spinal cord regions in order from superior to inferior.

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

What are the regions of the spinal cord?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

What is the dural sheath around the spinal cord made of?

dural mater

site of synaptic integration in the spinal cord?

gray matter

The third-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract runs from the ______ to the thalamus.

pons

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain the somas of which neurons?

somatic motor

Signals for proprioception are carried by the anterior and posterior ____ tract.

spinocerebellar

Signals for proprioception are carried by the anterior and posterior ____ tract

spinocerebellum

Consider the two motor neurons that form descending pathways. The neurons called the __ motor neurons have their somas in the cerebral cortex or brainstem.

upper

In descending pathways, which motor neurons have their somas in the cerebral cortex or brainstem?

upper

____ matter is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and is superficial to the gray matter of the spinal cord.

white

The number of neurons in a descending pathway is

2

How many neurons are typically found in an ascending pathway between the receptor and the brain?

3

Each spinal cord segment gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves. How many pairs of spinal nerves are typically present in an adult?

31

What is the gray commissure of the spinal cord?

A band of gray matter connecting the gray matter of the left side with the gray matter of the right side

The lateral horns of the spinal cord contain somas of which neurons?

Sympathetic motor

What are the three funiculi of white matter found in the spinal cord?

Ventral funiculus Posterior funiculus Lateral funiculus

Which horns of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons?

anterior

Pain during childbirth is often managed by injecting an anesthetic into which space?

epidurial

The _____ space is located between the vertebrae and the dural sheath around the spinal cord.

epidurial

In descending pathways, the upper motor neurons synapse with ______ motor neurons in the brainstem or spinal cord.

lower

In descending tracts, which motor neuron innervates the target organ?

lower

The ______ motor neurons (which are the motor neurons connecting the brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibers) of the descending pathway innervate skeletal muscle.

lower

In the spinothalamic tract, the ______ -order neurons decussate from the posterior horn of the spinal cord.

second

Each pair of spinal nerves serves a part of the spinal cord called a spinal

segment

Which pathways are made up of three neurons?

sensory

What is a fasciculus in the spinal cord?

A tract of nerve fibers within a funiculus

Which spinal cord areas are composed of gray matter?

Anterior horn Gray commissure Posterior horn

Which meninx consists of several layers of squamous epithelial cells with a mesh of fibers in the adjoining space?

Arachnoid mater

Where is the epidural space around the spinal cord?

Between the vertebral bones and the dural sheath

What is the white matter of the spinal cord?

Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter

Where do signals ascending through the spinocerebellar tract terminate?

Cerebellum

In the spinoreticular tract, the second order neurons decussate to where?

Contralateral anterolateral system

Which tract carries signals for precise, finely coordinated limb movements?

Corticospinal

Which are extensions of the pia mater that anchor the spinal cord?

Denticulate ligaments

What is the order of the meninges from superficial to deep?

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

How are the spinal cord regions named?

For the level of vertebral column from which its spinal nerves emerge

What structure marks the superior end of the spinal cord?

Foramen magnum

Where is the origin of sensory signals carried by the cuneate fasciculus?

From vertebra T6 and up

Where does the first-order neuron of the spinothalamic tracts end?

In the posterior horn at the point of entry

In an adult, the spinal cord ends at which vertebra?

L1

Which are functions of the spinal cord?

Locomotion Reflexes Conduction

What is the name of the hollow space that contains the cauda equina and cerebrospinal fluid?

Lumbar cistern

In which does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?

Subarachnoid space

The lateral gray horns of the spinal cord are found in which segments of the spinal cord?

T2 to L1

The coccygeal ligament is formed from the fusion of which two structures?

Terminal filum and dura mater

What is the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord?

The area of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the lower limbs and pelvis

What is the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?

The area of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the upper limbs

What is the posterior median sulcus of the spinal cord?

The longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord

What is the subarachnoid space?

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

The spinoreticular tract is part of the ___ system in the anterior and lateral columns.

anterolateral

The spinothalamic tract is part of the ______ system in the anterior and lateral columns.

anterolateral

___ mater is just below (deep to) the dura mater.

arachnoid

Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry information up to the brain?

ascending

What is the cauda equina?

bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

The bundle of nerves inferior to the medullary cone of the spinal cord is called the

cauda equina

In the spinal cord, what is the space within the gray commissure that contains CSF?

central canal

What does the central canal of the spinal cord contain?

cerebrospinal fluid

The superior most region of the spinal cord is the ______ region.

cervical

Which ligament is formed by the fusion of the lumbar cistern and dura mater?

coccygeal

The spinal cord contains ascending and descending nerve fibers that send information between the CNS and the periphery. This illustrates which function of the spinal cord?

conduction

Since the corticospinal tracts decussate, innervation to the muscles will be across the body or

contralateral

Which tract will have its origin and destination of opposite sides of the body?

contralateral

The ___ tract carries signals for precise, finely coordinated limb movements.

corticospinal

The ______ tract is also called the pyramidal tract.

corticospinal

The nerve fibers of which tract form ridges called pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla?

corticospinal

Because the nerve tracts of the spinal cord undergo ____, the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa.

decussation

The dural sheath around the spinal cord is formed from the ___ mater.

dura

A ______ is a tract of nerve fibers within a column of the spinal cord.

fasciculus

Which order neurons of the spinocerebellar tract originate at muscles and tendons?

first

In a sensory pathway, which neuron detects the stimulus and transmits the signal to the spinal cord or brainstem?

first order

Which order neuron of the spinothalamic tract ends in the posterior horn at the point of entry to the spinal cord?

first order

The nerve fibers of the gracile fasciculus terminate at the ____ nucleus of the medulla oblongata.

gracile

The ____ matter of the spinal cord contains the synapses and therefore is the site of synaptic integration.

gray

Where are the neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses found in the CNS?

gray matter

Fibers from the cuneate fasciculus end on the ______ side of the medulla oblongata.

ipsilateral

Which nerve tracts do not decussate?

ipsilateral

In which column of the spinal cord is the anterior spinocerebellar tract found?

lateral

The ______ is the tapered end of the spinal cord.

medullary cone

The ______ are a series of fibrous connective tissue membranes covering the central nervous system.

meninges

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain somas of somatic ______ neurons.

motor

Within the spinal cord, what type of information do the descending tracts carry?

motor

What does ipsilateral mean?

on the same side of the body

The spinoreticular tract carries what type of signals?

pain

The ___ mater is the meningeal layer that is closely associated with the contours of the spinal cord.

pia

The denticulate ligaments are extensions of which meninx?

pia mater

Which layer of the meninges is the most delicate and is composed of one or two layers of squamous to cuboidal cells and delicate collagenous and elastic fibers?

pia mater

Which meninx forms the terminal filum?

pia mater

The cuneate fasciculus is located in the ______ column of the spinal cord.

posterior

The _____ median sulcus is a longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord.

posterior/dorsal

The second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate in the ____ formation of the brainstem.

reticular

Where do the second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate?

reticular formation

The lateral and medial _______, tracts originate in the reticular formation.

reticulospinal, spinoreticular

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is called the ____ space.

subarachnoid

Where is the white matter in the spinal cord?

superficial to the gray matter

Where do the third-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract run from the pons to?

thalamus

In a sensory pathway, which neurons run from the thalamus to the sensory cerebral cortex?

third-order

What is a bundle of nerve fibers within the white matter of the spinal cord called?

tract

In the CNS, bundles of axons that make up white matter are called

tracts