Ch 13 notes, MGT 300
The need for ______ is demonstrated when a person is concerned with establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations and being liked.
Affiliation
Which theory suggests that experiencing need frustration at a certain level will cause a person to focus more intently on satisfying a lower-level need?
Alderfer's ERG theory
______ is a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.
Alderfer's ERG theory
According to ________ theory, motivation is influenced by the comparison of one's own outcome-input ratio with the outcome-input ratio of a referent.
Equity
The belief that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome defines the ______ theory
Exectancy
Which motivation theory suggests that motivation is high when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcomes?
Expectancy
A supervisor noticed that Zelda spent a lot of time at the water cooler gossiping about the others. The supervisor asked other employees not to go to the water cooler when Zelda was there. By the end of the week, Zelda was no longer hanging out by the cooler. The supervisor used _______ to control this situation.
Extinction
_______ entails the removal of an undesirable consequence when functional behaviors are performed.
Extinction
Elizabeth is trying to motivate her workers to contribute their inputs in the direction of achieving organizational priorities. Which theory does this illustrate?
Goal-setting
Which theory focused researchers' and managers' attention on the distinction between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation?
Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory
According to theories of merit pay, when individual performance can be accurately determined, individual motivation is likely to be highest when merit pay is based on ______.
Individual performance
Emma is trying to increase motivation among her employees by focusing on the link between their performance and outcomes. What type of theory is Emma most likely using?
Learning
The theory of motivation that views human needs as a hierarchy of five major needs or levels is known as _____
Maslow's hierarchy
_______ suggests that all people seek to satisfy five basic kinds of needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
A requirement for survival and well-being is a satisfied ______
Need
One set of theories of motivation are based on ______, which are anything required for survival and well-being.
Needs
_______ is administering an undesired consequence to subordinates when they perform a dysfunctional behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Jim works in a factory where he is paid for each unit he produces. Jim is paid on a(n) ______ pay plan.
Piece-rate
According to the equity theory, motivation is influenced by the comparison of one's own outcome-input ratio with the outcome-input ratio of a(n) ______.
Referent
______ learning theory considers how people's thoughts and beliefs and observations of other people's behavior influence learning and motivation.
Social
True or false: According to equity theory, both underpayment inequity and overpayment inequity create tension that motivates most people to restore equity by bringing the ratios back into balance.
True
Pressure or tension inside people, which motivates them to restore equity by bringing the outcome-input ratios back into balance, is ______.
inequity
What term relates to psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior and explains why people behave the way they do?
motivation
Cho receives a small monthly salary, but the bulk of her compensation comes in the form of a percentage of her sales, known as
A commission
____________-__________ refers to an employee's perception of the fairness of the distribution of outcomes (such as promotions, pay, job assignments, and working conditions) in an organization.
Distributive-justice
Alderfer's _______ theory suggests that there are three universal needs: existence, relatedness, and growth, which constitute a hierarchy of needs and motivate behavior. Alderfer proposed that needs at more than one level can be motivational at the same time.
ERG
When ______ exists, people are motivated to continue contributing their current levels of inputs to their organizations to receive their current levels of outcomes.
Equity
Which of the following exists when people perceive their own outcome-input ratio to be equal to a referent's outcome-input ratio?
Equity
_______ theory is a motivation theory that concentrates on people's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work inputs.
Equity
_______ is a person's perception about the extent to which an input results in a certain level of performance.
Expectancy
According to expectancy theory, members of an organization are motivated to put forth a high level of effort only if they think that doing so will result in ______
High performance
How desirable the outcomes from a job are to a person is referred to as ______
Valence
How desirable the outcomes from a job are to a person is referred to as ______.
Valence
Which of the following needs motivate workers?
Work-life balance; Exposure to nature; Time to care for loved ones
When Marissa found out that Javier was making more than she was for the same job, she went straight to human resources to complain. This is an example of
underpayment inequity.
Homer sells four cars every month and can't seem to get past that number. When his manager offers him an extra bonus if he sells five cars in the month, he sells the fifth car the next day. Evidently, Homer is
extrinsically motivated.
A general lack of fairness in the treatment of organizational members is ______.
inequity
When employees are not treated fairly, there is ______.
inequity
According to Maslow, once a need is satisfied, it _____.
no longer motivates
According to the expectancy theory, high motivation is the result of high levels of which three of the following? (Choose all that apply.)
- Valence - Instrumentality - Expectancy
Intrinsically motivated behavior is that which is performed
For its own sake.
The theory that people learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences is ______ theory.
Operant conditioning
Frank works in an office where his performance is assessed solely on an individual basis. Which of the following pay structures is likely to be the most motivating for Frank?
Pay plan based on individual performance
At RST Consulting, employees who come up with and implement cost-cutting strategies receive a percentage of the cost savings. This concept is reflected in the _______ plan.
Scanlon
The theory that takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people's thoughts and beliefs and their observations of other people's behavior is ______ theory.
Social learning
_______ theory proposes that motivation results not only from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from a person's thoughts and beliefs.
Social learning
According to the expectancy theory, in order for people's motivation to be high, ______ must be high.
Valence; instrumentality; expectancy
Will and Mason both work for the same company in the same job. For Will, the best thing about the job is his manager, who gives him flexibility when he needs it and is always available to help. Mason's favorite thing is his customers, with whom he feels he has a special relationship. Will and Mason have dissimilar _______ because they differ in their preferences for outcomes in their jobs.
Valences
Jobs that _______ are more likely to lead to intrinsic motivation.
are interesting and challenging
Which of the following are reasons that bonuses tend to have more motivational impact?
- Salary levels tend to vary less than performance. - A current salary may be affected by factors other than performance. - A large percentage of a salary is based on factors unrelated to current performance.
The NFL quarterback is the best in the league, mainly because he feels it is important to work hard to improve and he is not afraid of a challenge. According to McClelland, a need for _______ helps to motivate the quarterback.
Achievement
Hunter is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and getting along with other people. Hunter has a strong need for ______.
Affiliation
______ tend to have more motivational power than salaries because a large percentage of a salary is based on factors unrelated to current performance.
Bonuses
Organizations try to increase employee motivation and performance by understanding the link between which of the following two factors?
Desired behaviors and outcomes
Which theory focuses on motivating workers to contribute their inputs in the direction of achieving organizational goals?
Goal-setting
The psychological forces that determine (1) the direction of a person's behavior, (2) the person's level of effort, and (3) the person's level of persistence are known as ______.
Motivation
According to Herzberg, people have two sets of needs or requirements. They are:
Motivator needs; hygiene needs
According to Herzberg, people have two sets of needs: ______ needs and ______ needs.
Motivator; hygiene
Match the form of justice with its explanation: Procedural justice: Interpersonal justice: Informational justice:
Procedural justice: An employee's perception of the fairness of the procedures used to determine how to distribute the outcomes in an organization. Interpersonal justice: An employee's perception of the fairness of the interpersonal treatment he or she receives from whoever distributes the outcomes to him or her. Informational justice: An employee's perception of the extent to which his or her manager provides explanations for decisions and the procedures used to arrive at them.
Motivation may be defined as psychological forces that determine:
- the direction of a person's behavior. - a person's level of persistence. - a person's level of effort.
Jim works a day job, but is also trying to launch a business in his free time. His current job offers outcomes such as a flexible schedule and health benefits. According to expectancy theory, because Jim is still working at his day job and has not quit to focus on his own business, it is likely that these outcomes have high ______
Valence
Research suggests that nature has many salutary effects and a lack of such exposure ______.
can actually impair well-being and performance
According to the expectancy theory, in order for people's motivation to be high, ______ must be high. (Choose all that apply.)
expectancy instrumentality valence
Pay plans that are based on the number of units each employee produces are called ______ pay plans.
Piece-rate
_______ states that people learn to perform behaviors, which lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences.
Skinner's operant conditioning theory
A ______ is a compensation plan that bases pay on performance.
merit pay plan
According to expectancy theory, high ___________ results from high levels of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
motivation
According to the operant conditioning theory, people learn to behave in ways that lead to desirable outcomes and they learn ______.
not to behave in ways that lead to undesirable outcomes
What need identified by Maslow is satisfied by promoting good interpersonal relations and organizing social functions such as company picnics and holiday parties?
physiological needs
Goal-setting theory focuses on
the different types of rewards and punishments that can be used to reinforce or discourage goal-oriented behavior.
According to expectancy theory, a key reason why employees are motivated to perform at a high level is that ____________
they believe that high performance will lead to desired outcomes
Prosocially motivated behavior is that which is performed
to benefit or help others.
Expectancy theory posits that motivation is high when
workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance, which leads to the attainment of desired outcomes.
According to expectancy theory, instrumentality is a person's perception about the extent to which performance at a certain level results in the attainment of ______
Outcomes
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, extrinsic motivation is related to _______ needs.
Hygiene
What role do employee stock options perform?
They are used to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals.
Janice, an accountant, is compensated based on her performance which is measured in terms of report timeliness and accuracy. This is an example of a(n) ______ pay plan.
Merit
