Ch. 13 Reading
The Oedipal conflict is typically resolved by this event:
becoming similar to the same sex parent
231.Corbin is calm, reliable, and stable; in Eysenck's terms, he is low in neuroticism. A) True B) False
A
227.Raymond Cattell identified 16 basic personality factors. A) True B) False
A
207.Alfred Adler disagreed with Freud's emphasis on the unconscious. A) True B) False
A
94.As an early social learning theorist, _____ represented a bridge between the behavioral and social-cognitive perspectives on personality. A) Julian Rotter B) Raymond Cattell C) Carl Rogers D) Gordon Allport
A
99.Dustin believes that landing a good job largely depends on luck and the overall state of the economy. Jennifer believes that getting her "dream job" depends mainly on her education, job search skills, and attitude. Dustin displays an _____ locus of control, whereas Jennifer exhibits an _____ locus of control. A) external; internal B) internal; external C) extrinsic; intrinsic D) intrinsic; extrinsic
A
The A in CANOE stands for
Agreeableness
105.Rhiannon is confident she can complete a difficult problem set in one of her engineering courses. Rhiannon has high: A) self-esteem. B) self-efficacy. C) self-actualization. D) self-awareness.
B
149.Two psychologists interpret participants' responses on a projective personality test quite differently. The test may lack _____ reliability. A) split-half B) interrater C) test-retest D) internal
B
155.In a(n) _____ face-to-face interview, there is no predetermined line of questioning. A) projective B) unstructured C) semistructured D) subjective
B
100.Gina believes that meeting "that special someone" is a matter of luck. Unfortunately, Gina also believes that she is a spectacularly unlucky person. How would Julian Rotter summarize Gina's pattern of beliefs? A) external locus of control, high expectancy B) external locus of control, low expectancy C) internal locus of control, high expectancy D) internal locus of control, low expectancy
B
115.Which person is NOT a trait theorist? A) Gordon Allport B) Carl Rogers C) Hans Eysenck D) Raymond Cattell
B
54.In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, mature adult sexuality develops during the: A) latency period. B) genital stage. C) phallic stage. D) oral stage.
B
69.One of the first psychologists to theorize about the potential effects of birth order was: A) Karl Jung. B) Alfred Adler. C) Sigmund Freud. D) Karen Horney.
B
119."Reserved versus outgoing" is one of: A) Hans Eysenck's three personality dimensions. B) the four Myers-Briggs dimensions. C) Raymond Cattell's 16 personality factors. D) the Big Five personality dimensions.
C
12.The notion that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces and conflicts is at the core of the _____ approach to personality. A) behavioral B) biological C) psychoanalytic D) humanistic
C
102.Which of these is NOT one of Julian Rotter's concepts? A) locus of control B) expectancy C) self-efficacy D) reinforcement value
C
The C in CANOE stands for
Conscientiousness
138.As people age, they tend to score higher on the Big Five trait of: A) openness. B) extraversion. C) neuroticism. D) agreeableness.
D
118.Anastasia is using a statistical procedure to detect the broader relationships among a large number of correlation coefficients. She is performing _____ analysis. A) trend B) matrix C) correlation D) factor
D
178.Rose Marie describes herself as an "ESTJ." Rose Marie is referring to her scores on the: A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). B) Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). C) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). D) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).
D
______ period is where children move into after the Oedipal conflict.
Latency
The O in CANOE stands for
Openness
List Frued's five psychosexual stages in order from beginning to end.
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
To B. F. ______, personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns.
Skinner
Who developed the theory known as psychoanalytic theory?
Sigmund Freud
______ is the final personality structure to develop.
Superego
______ positive regard is received no matter what a person does, whereas ______ positive regard depends on a person's behavior.
Unconditional, Conditional
Self-report measures gather data about people by:
asking them questions
According to the psychodynamic theory, the ______ deals with reality.
ego
According to Skinner, personality traits are the result of
experience
The ______ approach to personality tends to emphasize the goodness in people.
humanistic
The ______ is entirely unconscious and compels people to get what they want.
id
On a standardized personality test, ______ permit the comparison of one person's score on a test with the scores of others.
norms
Someone with high self-esteem is likely to evaluate themselves
positively
In ______ personality tests, a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it.
projective
Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively are called:
psychological tests
The property of a psychological test that means the test will yield the same result each time the test is administered to the same person or group is called
reliability
Traits are stable characteristics that tend to manifest themselves
repeatedly over time and in many different situations.
Observational learning occurs when:
the individual learns the consequences of a response without experiencing the consequence directly
Personality is a reflection of both conscious and ______ processes.
unconscious
If a test measures what it says it measures, then the test to be a ______ psychological measure.
validity
101.Bradley knows that an "A" on tomorrow's final examination is critical if he hopes to keep his scholarship. He feels confident that he is well-prepared and knows the material inside and out. Which phrase would Julian Rotter use to summarize Bradley's situation? A) high reinforcement value, high expectancy B) high reinforcement value, low expectancy C) low reinforcement value, high expectancy D) low reinforcement value, low expectancy
A
104.Whose approach to personality emphasizes the role played by self-efficacy? A) Albert Bandura's social-cognitive approach B) B.F. Skinner's behaviorist approach C) Gordon Allport's trait theory D) Carl Rogers's humanistic theory
A
106.Mrs. Linley is a middle school math teacher. She provides constant, consistent feedback and encouragement on her students' math assignments. Mrs. Linley is trying to develop her students': A) self-efficacy. B) self-esteem. C) self-actualization. D) self-awareness.
A
122.In Eysenck's theory, an outgoing, active, sociable person is MOST likely high in: A) extraversion. B) introversion. C) neuroticism. D) psychoticism.
A
125.Eysenck related introversion-extraversion to levels of activity in the brain's: A) reticular formation. B) amygdala. C) prefrontal cortex. D) hippocampus.
A
131.In the five-factor model, an individual's willingness to try new experiences is called: A) openness. B) conscientiousness. C) agreeableness. D) neuroticism.
A
135.Carlos is emotionally unstable, insecure, anxious, and moody. Quinn is disorganized, spontaneous, and impulsive. Johann is quiet, serious, and somewhat timid. Kris is imaginative, independent, and fond of variety. Which of these individuals is correctly matched with his Big Five description? A) Quinn - low conscientiousness B) Carlos - low openness C) Kris - high extraversion D) Johann - high agreeableness
A
148._____ reliability refers to the consistency of a test's results when it is scored by more than one person. A) Interrater B) Split-half C) Objective D) Test-retest
A
150.Dr. Cavanaugh creates an assessment to examine the relationship between the trait of hardiness and senior citizens' compliance with medication regimes. A reviewer finds, however, that scores on the even-numbered items of the hardiness measure do not correlate with scores on the odd-numbered items. Dr. Cavanaugh's hardiness assessment may lack _____ reliability. A) split-half B) interrater C) test-retest D) alternate forms
A
158._____ personality tests involve respondents' interpretation of complex, ambiguous stimuli. A) Projective B) Cognitive C) Objective D) Reflective
A
163.The _____ consists of 20 cards with black-and-white illustrations of ambiguous scenes. A) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) B) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) C) Rorschach Inkblot Test D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
A
165.Inkblot is to picture as _____ is to _____. A) Rorschach; Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); Rorschach C) Rorschach; Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2); Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A
169.Which aspect of a Facebook profile do viewers weigh most heavily when making inferences about an individual's personality? A) the profile photo B) the list of interests C) the list of "likes" D) the recent activity
A
170.____ personality tests use a standard set of questions and are scored in a standardized way. A) Objective B) Projective C) Reflective D) Subjective
A
175.Mimi's personality has been profiled along 16 dimensions, such as "reserved vs. outgoing" and "relaxed vs. tense." Mimi has completed the: A) Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). D) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).
A
176.The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is: A) popular. B) reliable. C) valid. D) rarely used.
A
177.The ______ designates a personality "type" based on scores on four personality dimensions. A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) C) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) D) Rorschach Inkblot Test
A
181.One drawback of _____ tests of personality, such as the _____, is that they are susceptible to socially desirable responding. A) objective; Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) B) objective; Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) C) projective; Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) D) projective; Rorschach Inkblot
A
183.Temperament is one aspect of personality. A) True B) False
A
184.The behavioral perspective on personality is based on learning theory. A) True B) False
A
187.In Freud's view, it is extremely difficult to become aware of the contents of the unconscious mind. A) True B) False
A
192.The superego is partly conscious and partly unconscious. A) True B) False
A
194.Repression involves pretending that unacceptable feelings or impulses do not exist. A) True B) False
A
195.Sigmund Freud's daughter, Anna Freud, contributed to our understanding of defense mechanisms. A) True B) False
A
196.A man loses himself in his work to avoid his feelings. In Freudian terms, the man is using sublimation as a defense mechanism. A) True B) False
A
198.During the oral stage of psychosexual development, potential conflict centers on weaning. A) True B) False
A
199.An adult who smokes, drinks, and talks excessively may be fixated at the oral stage of psychosexual development. A) True B) False
A
201.The preschool years are to the elementary school years as the phallic stage is to the latency period. A) True B) False
A
214.Empathy, tolerance, and originality are elements of the self-actualized personality. A) True B) False
A
216.Karla would like to be more confident and assertive. In Carl Rogers' terms, these adjectives describe Karla's ideal self. A) True B) False
A
217.In Carl Rogers' theory, conditions of worth hamper an individual's psychological development. A) True B) False
A
219.Julian Rotter proposed the concept of locus of control. A) True B) False
A
222.Albert Bandura's criticisms of the traditional behavioral approach to personality were similar to Julian Rotter's. A) True B) False
A
232.Hans Eysenck suggested that a person's level of introversion or extraversion relates to the level of activation in that person's brain's reticular formation. A) True B) False
A
234.Gwen is good-natured and trusting; she is high in the Big Five factor of agreeableness. A) True B) False
A
235.Averaged across dimensions, about 50% of the variability among people in Big Five scores is hereditary. A) True B) False
A
236.Overall, men demonstrate higher levels of openness than do women. A) True B) False
A
239.Neuroticism is negatively related to physical health. A) True B) False
A
240.Each time that Jenny takes an online extraversion quiz, it gives a different result, which means that the test lacks reliability. A) True B) False
A
241.When test reliability is high, an assessment yields consistent results when an individual takes it more than once. A) True B) False
A
246.Projective personality tests involve ambiguous stimuli. A) True B) False
A
248.The Rorschach is the best-known projective personality test. A) True B) False
A
249.Sebastian is interpreting inkblots. He is taking the Rorschach test. A) True B) False
A
251.Objective personality tests are scored in a standardized way. A) True B) False
A
253.The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) contains a number of clinical scales. A) True B) False
A
255.Phil's responses on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) will be scored on four dimensions to yield an overall personality type. A) True B) False
A
53.Young children resolve the Oedipus and Electra conflicts by wanting to be as much like the same-sex parent as possible through a process called: A) identification. B) projection. C) displacement. D) sublimation.
A
55.With respect to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, weaning is to toilet training as _____ is to _____. A) oral; anal B) oral; phallic C) anal; oral D) phallic; anal
A
58.Davina is a "neat freak." She can't stand to be late for anything. Other people have to do things "just right" for her to be happy. A psychoanalytic theorist might suggest that Davina is fixated at the _____ stage of development. A) anal B) genital C) oral D) phallic
A
68.The neo-Freudian psychologist Alfred Adler argued that humans are conscious and intentional, striving for growth and improvement. Adler can therefore be seen as a precursor to the _____ perspective on personality. A) humanistic B) social-cognitive C) behavioral D) psychoanalytic
A
73.Animus is to _____ as anima is to _____. A) masculine; feminine B) personal; collective C) feminine; masculine D) collective; personal
A
75.In positing the collective unconscious, Jung may be seen as pursuing a goal similar to that of contemporary evolutionary psychologists. Why? A) He was attempting to explain phenomena that are universal across cultures. B) He was attempting to suggest how consciousness aids our adaptation to our environment. C) He was attempting to specify the physiological bases of thought and behavior. D) He was attempting to describe the influence of an individual's culture on her thought and behavior.
A
82.Humanistic psychologists suggest that people are consciously motivated to reach their maximum potential; that is, people have a fundamental drive toward: A) self-actualization. B) self-transcendence. C) superiority. D) self-efficacy.
A
83._____, a _____ psychologist, wrote that people are driven "to feel free and to be free." A) Abraham Maslow; humanistic B) Carl Rogers; humanistic C) Abraham Maslow; psychoanalytic D) Carl Rogers; psychoanalytic
A
87.Toni sees herself as creative and intelligent. In Carl Rogers' terms, these attributes are: A) part of Toni's self-concept. B) among Toni's surface traits. C) two of Toni's source traits. D) elements of Toni's archetype.
A
88.According to Carl Rogers, one's _____ contains the set of beliefs an individual holds about what she is like as a person. A) self-concept B) ego ideal C) archetype D) self-schema
A
91.In what way does unconditional positive regard facilitate self-actualization? A) It encourages the development of accurate self-concepts. B) It provides the atmosphere of freedom necessary for self-actualization. C) It motivates an individual to self-actualize. D) It creates appropriate conditions of worth.
A
261.Define a) self-actualization and b) unconditional positive regard. State three characteristics of self-actualized individuals. How might unconditional positive regard encourage self-actualization?
According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is reaching one's fullest potential. According to Carl Rogers, unconditional positive regard is the total acceptance of an individual regardless of his or her behavior. Self-actualized persons tend to be nonjudgmental, objective, and aware of others. They are patient, original, flexible, and willing to learn, too. In addition they show empathy, tolerance, acceptance of others, and independence. Unconditional positive regard should encourage self-actualization by ensuring that an individual's self-concept aligns with feedback from the environment, thereby reducing anxiety and facilitating personal growth.
103.Albert Bandura is one of the leading proponents of a _____ perspective on personality. A) trait B) social-cognitive C) behavioral D) psychoanalytic
B
114.As compared to the other perspectives on personality, the _____ perspective is less interested in explaining than in describing personality. A) humanistic B) trait C) psychoanalytic D) social-cognitive
B
116.In the 1920s, ______ found that the English language identified 4,500 personality traits. A) Raymond Cattell B) Gordon Allport C) Hans Eysenck D) Albert Bandura
B
124.In Eysenck's theory, an individual who is even-tempered and reliable is MOST likely a(n): A) stable extravert. B) stable introvert. C) unstable extravert. D) unstable introvert.
B
13.According to the humanistic perspective, personality reflects: A) mechanisms of conditioning and learning. B) an individual's choices and strivings for personal growth. C) genetic and physiological mechanisms. D) internal, unconscious forces and conflicts.
B
133.Garner is imaginative, curious, and interested in new ideas. Brandy is conventional, down-to-earth, and has limited interests. It is likely that Garner scores high while Brandy scores low on the Big Five dimension of: A) neuroticism. B) openness. C) extraversion. D) agreeableness.
B
137.Of the Big Five traits, the MOST heritable is _____, whereas the LEAST heritable is _____. A) conscientiousness; agreeableness B) openness; agreeableness C) openness; extraversion D) agreeableness; neuroticism
B
140.In general, women score higher than men on all the Big Five traits EXCEPT for: A) agreeableness. B) openness. C) extraversion. D) conscientiousness.
B
143.Which is an advantage of the trait theories of personality? A) Trait theories address developmental and motivational factors. B) Trait theories have cross-cultural generality. C) Trait theories explain the origins of personality. D) Trait theories address the influence of the environment.
B
159.Projective tests are based on the assumption that people have unresolved, often unconscious, conflicts. Projective tests are therefore most likely to be used by psychologists adhering to the _____ perspective. A) behavioral B) psychoanalytic C) humanistic D) social-cognitive
B
167.Projective tests are: A) time-consuming but high in reliability and validity. B) time-consuming and low in reliability and validity. C) efficient and high in reliability and validity. D) efficient but low in reliability and validity. Ans: B
B
172.Russ is completing a personality test containing over 500 true-false questions. Russell is taking the: A) Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). C) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). D) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
B
179.The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) scores fail to correlate with scores on measures related to occupational success and job performance. These results cast doubt on the MBTI's: A) interrater reliability. B) validity. C) test-retest reliability. D) objectivity.
B
182.Personality is the same thing as character. A) True B) False
B
185.The trait perspective on personality emphasizes development early in life. A) True B) False
B
186.The subconscious is one of Freud's levels of consciousness. A) True B) False
B
188.Psychoanalysts use hypnosis and dream analysis to probe the preconscious mind. A) True B) False
B
189.Pleasure is to reality as ego is to id. A) True B) False
B
190.The ego is a storehouse of primal psychic energy. A) True B) False
B
191.The superego is innate. A) True B) False
B
193.The id uses defense mechanisms to disguise its impulses. A) True B) False
B
197.The anal stage is the first of Freud's stages of psychosexual development. A) True B) False
B
200.The Oedipus and Electra complexes take place during the latency period. A) True B) False
B
202.Children use the defense mechanism of displacement to resolve the tension of the Oedipus and Electra complexes. A) True B) False
B
204.Gordon is 13. He is entering the phallic stage of psychosexual development. A) True B) False
B
205.Freud based his theories largely on the results of survey research. A) True B) False
B
208.Family size is an independent variable in much of the research examining the link between birth order and personality. A) True B) False
B
210.In Jung's theory, the personal unconscious contains archetypes. A) True B) False
B
212.Karen Horney's theory is known as analytic psychology. A) True B) False
B
215.Along with Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers represented the social-cognitive perspective on personality. A) True B) False
B
218.B.F. Skinner extended behaviorist theory to include cognitive variables. A) True B) False
B
226.Trait theorists focus on explaining rather than describing personality. A) True B) False
B
228.Raymond Cattell argued that source traits are wholly genetic. A) True B) False
B
245.Semistructured interviews are open-ended with no predetermined line of questioning. A) True B) False
B
247.Projective personality tests are most likely to be used by behavioral and social-cognitive theorists. A) True B) False
B
250.Projective personality tests are highly reliable. A) True B) False
B
252.The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is the most widely used objective personality test. A) True B) False
B
256.The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is generally reliable. A) True B) False
B
50.Stephanie smokes cigarettes and tends to overeat; Saul is rigid, organized, and stingy; Shirley is flirtatious, promiscuous, and seems to have little regard for "the rules." Which choice correctly matches each individual with the psychosexual stage at which he or she is fixated? A) Stephanie - phallic; Saul - anal; Shirley - oral B) Stephanie - oral; Saul - anal; Shirley - phallic C) Stephanie - anal; Saul - oral; Shirley - phallic D) Stephanie - oral; Saul - genital; Shirley - anal
B
60.Young girls experience the _____ complex during the ____ stage of psychosexual development. A) Electra; genital B) Electra; phallic C) Oedipus; genital D) Oedipus; phallic
B
63.Which statement best contrasts the phallic stage and the genital stage? A) The genitals are the erogenous zone in the genital stage, but not in the phallic stage. B) Relationships are the focus of the genital stage, but not the phallic stage. C) Relationships are the focus of the phallic stage, but not the genital stage. D) The genital stage occurs much earlier in development than does the phallic stage.
B
64.Psychosexual development slows during the _____, which lasts from ages _____. A) latency period; 3 to 6 B) latency period; 6 to 12 C) phallic stage; 3 to 6 D) phallic stage; 6 to 12
B
66.Which statement is MOST accurate with respect to the empirical evaluation of Freud's theory? A) A substantial body of research supports Freud's theory. B) There is relatively little published research examining Freud's theory. C) Extensive empirical research yields a mixed picture regarding Freud's theory. D) Research has consistently failed to support Freud's theory.
B
67.Freud based much of his theory on: A) naturalistic observation. B) case studies. C) large-scale surveys. D) controlled experiments.
B
77.Which psychologist is MOST likely to have said, "Penis envy is really power envy"? A) Karl Jung B) Karen Horney C) Abraham Maslow D) Alfred Adler
B
81._____ and _____ are prominent psychologists associated with the humanistic perspective. A) Abraham Maslow; Alfred Adler B) Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers C) Alfred Adler; Carl Rogers D) B.F. Skinner; Albert Bandura
B
93.Which word BEST completes this sentence: "Julian Rotter _____ the work of traditional learning theorists such as B.F. Skinner." A) rejected B) extended C) ignored D) echoed
B
97.Julian Rotter used the term _____ to denote a pattern of beliefs about where the responsibility for outcomes resides. A) expectancy B) locus of control C) self-efficacy D) reinforcement value
B
98.People with an _____ locus of control believes that outcomes are determined by outside forces such as fate or luck. By contrast, people with an _____ locus of control believe that outcomes are determined by their own actions or efforts. A) internal; external B) external; internal C) intrinsic; extrinsic D) extrinsic; intrinsic
B
107._____ rejected the behaviorists' argument that psychologists should focus only on observable behavior. A) Rotter B) Bandura C) Both Rotter and Bandura D) Neither Rotter nor Bandura
C
108.The social-cognitive perspective: A) suggests that personality reflects the conscious choices an individual makes in an effort to grow and change. B) proposes that personality may be described by relatively stable internal characteristics. C) suggests that personality reflects thought patterns and environmental factors such as relationships. D) argues that personality refers to a collection of behaviors that have been reinforced in the past.
C
109.As compared to a Skinnerian learning-theory approach to personality, the social cognitive approach places _____ emphasis on _____. A) less; the individual B) more; the environment C) more; the interaction between the individual and the environment D) less; the interaction between the individual and the environment
C
110.Betty does not believe she can meet the weight-loss and strength-training goals her personal trainer has set. In Bandura's terms, Betty: A) lacks self-esteem. B) has an external locus of control. C) has low self-efficacy. D) lacks expectancy.
C
111.Bandura used the term "_____ determinism" to denote the complex interaction among the individual, behavior, and the environment. A) dialectical B) bidirectional C) reciprocal D) mutual
C
112.As compared to the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives on personality, the behavioral and social-cognitive perspectives: A) place less emphasis on the environment. B) better highlight the role of emotional processes in personality. C) emphasize research and objectivity to a greater extent. D) focus in greater depth on the unconscious mind.
C
113.Which psychologist is paired with the correct concept? A) Abraham Maslow - self-concept B) Carl Rogers - self-actualization C) Albert Bandura - self-efficacy D) Julian Rotter - self-esteem
C
117.A graduate student is using a statistical software package to identify the basic patterns underlying the many relationships among a large number of variables. She is performing ______ analysis. A) trend B) matrix C) factor D) correlation
C
121.Which is NOT one of Hans Eysenck's basic personality dimensions? A) extraversion B) psychoticism C) agreeableness D) neuroticism
C
123.Doris is prone to mood swings. She's always anxious and often restless and dissatisfied. In Eysenck's theory, Doris is high in: A) extraversion. B) introversion. C) neuroticism. D) psychoticism.
C
126.Which choice correctly matches a trait theorist with his contribution? A) Gordon Allport - described personality using three basic dimensions B) Hans Eysenck - identified 4,500 distinct trait terms C) Raymond Cattell - distinguished between surface and source traits D) Hans Eysenck - identified 16 personality factors
C
128.The Big Five refers to the five: A) most important personality theorists. B) personality factors that identify psychoticism. C) key personality factors. D) most common defense mechanisms.
C
130.The textbook offers the acronym OCEAN as way to help you remember the five-factor model. In this acronym, the A stands for: A) ambitiousness. B) achievement orientation. C) agreeableness. D) aggressiveness.
C
134.Pearl is gentle, cooperative, trusting, and helpful. Ruby is outgoing, talkative, fun-loving, and affectionate. Pearl probably scores high on the Big Five dimension of _____, whereas Ruby likely scores high on _____. A) openness; agreeableness B) conscientiousness; agreeableness C) agreeableness; extraversion D) extraversion; openness
C
136.The heritability of the Big Five traits ranges from approximately: A) .20 to .40. B) .30 to .50. C) .40 to .60. D) .50 to .70.
C
141.The Big Five personality dimensions demonstrate: A) biological reality. B) cross-cultural generality. C) both biological reality and cross-cultural generality. D) neither biological reality nor cross-cultural generality.
C
142.With respect to national personality stereotypes, empirical research: A) supports their validity. B) offers mixed support for their accuracy. C) offers no support for their validity. D) has yet to be conducted.
C
144.Physical health is related to all of these Big Five dimensions EXCEPT: A) neuroticism. B) conscientiousness. C) agreeableness. D) openness.
C
145.A psychological test is reliable when it: A) measures what it is supposed to measure. B) is scored using a standardized procedure. C) yields consistent measurements. D) has been normed using a representative sample.
C
152.Dr. Delmonte develops a questionnaire to assess the personality trait of impulsivity among adults. In a journal article, she presents evidence that college students tend to get essentially the same score if they take the test twice, 2 months apart. However, when a reviewer examines the sample questionnaire items included in the article, it seems that they relate more to whether a person is sociable, outgoing, and fun-loving than to whether an individual is impulsive. Dr. Delmonte's questionnaire may lack: A)test-retest reliability. B) objectivity. C) validity. D) interrater reliability.
C
156.Dr. Gilbert is a clinical psychologist. When she interviews a client, she does not use a fixed set of questions. Instead, she subtly guides each interview so that the client's unique issues will gradually emerge. Dr. Gilbert uses _____ interviews. A) structured B) projective C) unstructured D) semistructured
C
157._____ interviews entail a predetermined line of questions. A) Unstructured B) Objective and subjective C) Semistructured and structured D) Structured
C
161.The TAT and the Rorschach are _____ tests of personality. A) objective B) reflective C) projective D) behavioral
C
164.Vicki man. Vicki is most likely taking the: is telling a story about a black-and-white illustration of an old woman and a young A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). B) Rorschach Inkblot Test. C) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). D) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).
C
166.Minnie is taking the TAT. Tammy is taking the Rorschach. Minnie is looking at _____. Tammy is examining _____. A) inkblots; inkblots B) inkblots; pictures C) pictures; inkblots D) pictures; pictures Ans: C
C
49.In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the genitals are the erogenous zone during: A) the phallic stage. B) the genital stage. C) both the phallic stage and the genital stage. D) both the oral stage and the genital stage.
C
5.Which statement BEST captures the relationship between temperament and personality? A) Temperament and personality are the same thing. B) Temperament and personality are unrelated. C) Temperament is one element of personality. D) Personality is one aspect of temperament.
C
51.In Freud's theory, developmental concerns that persist into adulthood and continue to influence personality are called: A) defense mechanisms. B) erogenous complexes. C) fixations. D) conflicts.
C
56.With respect to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, anal is to toilet training as _____ is to _____. A) oral; masturbation B) phallic; weaning C) phallic; masturbation D) genital; weaning
C
57.Baby Jordyn will be 2 in a few weeks. Her mother has instituted a strict toilet-training schedule. Jordyn is placed on the "potty" seat at regular intervals, and is forced to remain there until she has had a bowel movement. Jordyn is immediately punished when she has an "accident." Her mother's rigid toilet training procedures may result in Jordyn having a _____ at the ____ stage of psychosexual development. A) complex; anal B) complex; genital C) fixation; anal D) fixation; genital
C
65.Critics of psychoanalytic theory contend that Freud paid too little attention to: A) the role of the unconscious mind. B) childhood experiences. C) people's capacity for change. D) sexuality.
C
70.Humans constantly strive to grow and improve themselves, a motivation Adler termed the striving for: A) actualization. B) transcendence. C) superiority. D) understanding.
C
72.In research examining the relationship between birth order and personality, family size is often a(n) _____ variable. A) experimental B) dependent C) confounding D) independent
C
76._____ suggested that people move toward others, away from others, or against others to deal with _____. A) Alfred Adler; basic anxiety B) Alfred Adler; feelings of inferiority C) Karen Horney; basic anxiety D) Karen Horney; feelings of inferiority
C
79.Which choice correctly matches a neo-Freudian theorist with his or her key concept? A) Adler - basic anxiety B) Horney - inferiority complex C) Jung - collective unconscious D) Horney - archetype
C
85.Which attribute is NOT an element of Maslow's self-actualized personality? A) grateful B) spontaneous C) intelligent D) creative
C
89.According to Carl Rogers, people experience anxiety when: A) they feel inferior in the face of a challenging task. B) they become conscious of unacceptable sexual impulses. C) their self-concept is at odds with their experience. D) they cannot satisfy their basic needs.
C
92.The textbook states that, "caregivers who place too much emphasis on rules . . . [and ignore] a child's innate goodness can create conditions of worth." Think back to the discussion of parenting styles in Chapter 8 of the textbook. Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is probably MOST likely to create conditions of worth? A) permissive B) authoritative C) authoritarian D) uninvolved
C
96."Your perspective is too limited. Not everything is immediately observable. In addition, people can think about what is happening, both internally and in the world at large." These words might be spoken by _____ to _____. A) Albert Bandura; Julian Rotter B) B.F. Skinner; Julain Rotter C) Julian Rotter; B.F. Skinner D) Julian Rotter; Albert Bandura
C
120.Surface trait is to source trait as _____ is to _____. A) Allport; Cattell B) introverted; quiet C) foundational; observable D) many; few
D
127.The most current trait approach to describing personality is: A) Gordon Allport's trait theory. B) Raymond Cattell's 16-factor theory. C) Hans Eysenck's three-dimensional approach. D) the five-factor model.
D
129.Which is NOT one of the five-factor personality dimensions? A) extraversion B) openness C) neuroticism D) psychoticism
D
132.Which specific trait is correctly paired with its description in terms of the five-factor model's dimensions? A) helpful - high extraversion B) emotional - low conscientiousness C) calm - high agreeableness D) imaginative - high openness Ans: D
D
146._____ reliability refers to the consistency of a test's results when the same individual takes the test more than once. A) Interrater B) Split-half C) Objective D) Test-retest
D
147."Every time I take it, it comes up with something different!" remarks Rita, turning away from the online personality quiz she just completed. Rita is complaining about the test's ______ reliability. A) split-half B) projective C) interrater D) test-retest
D
151.Which term indicates the ability of a test to measure what it actually is supposed to measure? A) consistency B) reliability C) objectivity D) validity
D
153.______ tests are not always flexible, whereas ______ tests are not always reliable. A) Projective; subjective B) Subjective; objective C) Subjective; projective D) Objective; subjective
D
154.Most psychologists rely on _____ assessments. A) projective B) subjective C) objective D) both subjective and objective
D
160.Barry is looking at an abstract collage of colors, lines, and shapes, trying to come up with an interpretation of it. Barry may be taking a(n) _____ personality test. A) objective B) reflective C) cognitive D) projective
D
162.The best-known projective test of personality is the: A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). C) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). D) Rorschach Inkblot Test.
D
173.The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was originally designed to: A) identify broad dimensions of personality. B) predict educational achievement. C) help employers select employees. D) diagnose psychological disorders.
D
26.What one calls one's "conscience" in everyday life corresponds to the _____ in Freud's model of the mind. A) id B) subconscious C) ego D) superego
D
27.The superego starts developing around _____ years of age. A) 1 or 2 B) 2 or 3 C) 3 or 4 D) 5 or 6
D
31.Which sequence BEST reflects the extent to which Freud's personality structures operate consciously, from LEAST conscious to MOST conscious? A) ego > id > superego B) superego > ego > id C) ego > superego > id D) id > superego > ego
D
38.In the defense mechanism of _____, unacceptable feelings or impulses are pushed back into the unconscious. A) displacement B) denial C) rationalization D) repression
D
42.People use the defense mechanism of _____ when they model their actions or feelings on those of individuals they admire. A) sublimation B) projection C) displacement D) identification
D
45.Which sequence indicates the order of the first three stages in Freud's theory of psychosexual development, from first to last? A) oral > phallic > anal B) anal > oral > phallic C) anal > phallic > oral D) oral > anal > phallic
D
52.According to Freud, during which stage of psychosexual development must the developing child negotiate the Oedipal conflict? A) oral B) genital C) anal D) phallic
D
59.With respect to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, Oedipus complex is to Electra complex as _____ is to _____. A) anal stage; phallic stage B) girl; boy C) phallic stage; anal stage D) boy; girl
D
71.Individual is to analytic as _____ is to _____. A) Horney; Jung B) Jung; Adler C) Adler; Horney D) Adler; Jung Ans: D
D
74.Jung suggested that the questing hero figure prominent in many legends, stories, epic poems, and so forth represents a(n) _____, a symbolic representation of a universal experience. A) anima B) mandala C) animus D) archetype Ans: D
D
80.The humanistic perspective on personality may be considered a reaction against the _____ perspective. A) social-cognitive B) trait C) biological D) psychoanalytic
D
84.Chantal is self-sufficient and somewhat unconventional. She is tolerant and open-minded. She has a strong sense of self and a close circle of lifelong friends. In Maslow's terms, Chantal seems to have a _____ personality. A) transcendent B) Oedipal C) archetypal D) self-actualized
D
86._____ emphasized the importance of one's self-concept. A) Julian Rotter B) Karl Jung C) Abraham Maslow D) Carl Rogers
D
9.Both the _____ and the _____ theories of personality have been criticized for their narrow focus. A) psychoanalytic; humanistic B) social-cognitive; humanistic C) behavioral; humanistic D) behavioral; social-cognitive
D
90.John's therapist strives to provide an atmosphere of acceptance and respect, no matter what comes up during the sessions. In _____'s terms, John's therapist is providing _____. A) Abraham Maslow; conditions of worth B) Abraham Maslow; unconditional positive regard C) Carl Rogers; conditions of worth D) Carl Rogers; unconditional positive regard
D
95.Julian Rotter proposed the concept of: A) self-actualization. B) source traits. C) self-efficacy. D) locus of control.
D
A person who is imaginative is likely high in which of the Big 5 traits?
Extraversion (CANOE)
203.According to Freud, there is relatively little psychosexual conflict during the latency period. A) True B) False
A
206.Surprisingly little empirical research has been devoted to evaluating Freud's theories. A) True B) False
A
209.In Carl Jung's view, Freud overemphasized sex. A) True B) False Ans: A
A
211.Karen Horney took issue with the sexism of Freud's theory. A) True B) False
A
225.Bandura used the term "reciprocal determinism" to refer to the complex interplay between the individual, behavior, and the environment. A) True B) False
A
220.An individual who believes that success is largely a matter of luck exhibits an internal locus of control. A) True B) False
B
221.Julian Rotter is to self-efficacy as Albert Bandura is to locus of control. A) True B) False
B
223.Self-efficacy is Bandura's term for self-esteem. A) True B) False
B
224.Self-efficacy is negatively related to persistence on a difficult task. A) True B) False
B
229.The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) test was created by Gordon Allport. A) True B) False
B
230.Hans Eysenck's three personality dimensions are extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. A) True B) False
B
233.Psychoticism is one of the Big Five personality dimensions. A) True B) False
B
237.There is a kernel of empirical truth in such national stereotypes as "Canadians are polite." A) True B) False
B
238.Trait theories emphasize environmental influences on personality. A) True B) False
B
242.A measure that is not valid gives inconsistent results. A) True B) False
B
243.Contemporary psychologists use only objective measures. A) True B) False
B
254.The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is based on Henry Murray's needs theory. A) True B) False
B
257.Describe the id, ego, and superego in Freud's theory of personality. Be sure to mention the guiding principles of the id and the ego, the extent to which each of the three processes is conscious, and the point at which each of the three develops during infancy or childhood.
Id - The id is innate and therefore present at birth. It attempts to satisfy primitive drives related to hunger, sex, and aggression. The id operates on the pleasure principle, in which the goal is the immediate reduction of tension and the maximization of satisfaction. The id is wholly unconscious. Ego - The ego begins to develop soon after birth. It attempts to balance the desires of the id with the constraints of the outside world. The ego operates on the reality principle, in which the goal is to maintain the individual's safety and aid their integration into society. The ego is partly unconscious and partly conscious. Superego - The superego develops in early childhood. It represents the rules of society as modeled by parents, teachers, and other significant figures. The superego includes the conscience, and its goal is to ensure that the person conforms to the norms of society. The superego is partly unconscious but mostly conscious.
Describe the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2) and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) in detail. State how these tests exemplify objective personality tests.
The MMPI-2 is the most commonly used personality test. It contains 567 true or false statements. Because the MMPI was originally constructed to diagnose psychological disorders, it contains clinical scales. It also contains scales, such as the Lie scale, designed to detect response biases. The MMPI-2 is now used in many nonclinical settings. The 16PF was devised by Raymond Cattell and is based on his 16-factor personality theory. The test contains 185 questions. For each question, the respondent selects one of three alternatives. A profile is constructed indicating the respondent's position along each of Cattell's 16 personality dimensions. The MMPI-2 and 16PF exemplify objective tests because they contain standardized sets of questions with constrained responses (e.g., true-false). They therefore lend themselves to standardized scoring. Furthermore, an extensive body of literature has documented the reliability and validity of these two personality tests.
According to the social cognitive approach, belief in your ability to carry out a specific task and achieve the desired outcome is called ______-______.
self-efficacy
Based on your performance on the first exam, you know that you will do well in this class. In other words, you are experiencing a high level of
self-efficiency
A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential is known as:
self_actualization
78.Which of these is NOT among a neo-Freudian psychologist? A) Carl Jung B) Raymond Cattell C) Karen Horney D) Alfred Adler
B
244.Personality tests may be used in child custody cases. A) True B) False
A
A person who is sympathetic and kind is likely high in which of the Big 5 traits?
Agreeableness (CANOE)
213.Carl Jung and Alfred Adler are the two-best known humanistic psychologists. A) True B) False
B
171.The most commonly used objective personality test is the: A) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). B) Rorschach Inkblot Test. C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). D) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).
C
174.The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16-PF) was originally created by: A) Gordon Allport. B) Hans Eysenck. C) Raymond Cattell. D) Henry Murray.
C
18.In round numbers, genetic factors account for about _____% of the variation among individuals in sense of humor. A) 10-30 B) 20-40 C) 30-50 D) 50-70
C
180.An individual can take the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) twice and end up with different results because the measure lacks _____ reliability. A) split-half B) interrater C) test-retest D) objective
C
The E in CANOE stands for
Extraversion
Who used factor analysis to determine personality traits?
Eysenck and Cattell
259.Identify and describe the first three stages of Freud's theory of psychosexual development, being sure to identify the key developmental conflict associated with each stage and the potential effects on adult personality of fixation at each stage.
Oral stage (birth until 12 to 18 months). The mouth is an infant's main source of pleasure and exploration. Weaning is the key developmental task to be accomplished during this phase. If an infant is overindulged or frustrated in its search for oral gratification, oral fixation might occur, producing an adult who is either hostile and sarcastic or dependent and gullible. Anal stage (12 to 18 months until 3 years). The anus is the toddler's source of pleasure: children gain pleasure from both the retention and expulsion of feces. Toilet training is the main task to be accomplished in this stage. If toilet training is too rigid or too lax, anal fixation may develop—producing an adult who is either overly controlled and rigid or extremely sloppy and disorganized. Phallic stage (age 3 until age 5 or 6). The focus in this stage is on the genitals and the pleasure derived from fondling them. The key task in this phase is handling the Oedipus or Electra complex. As children focus on their genitals, the difference between male and female anatomy becomes apparent. A young boy becomes attracted to his mother; he sees the father as a rival and wishes to kill him. The boy fears, that because the father is larger and more powerful, he may castrate the boy; the boy thus represses his desire for the mother and begins to identify with his father so that he may possess a woman like his mother. A young girl blames her mother for her "missing" penis. She also becomes attracted to her father and jealous of her mother; ultimately, though, she realizes she can't have the father and begins to identify with the mother.
The ______ Inkblot test requires the interpretation of ambiguous images of inkblots.
Rorschach
265.Differentiate between projective and objective tests of personality. Describe two prominent projective personality tests. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of projective tests of personality.
Projective tests present complex, ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots. The respondent interprets the stimuli, and the interpretations are analyzed by a psychologist in order to reveal the respondent's conflicts and motives, which may be unconscious. Objective tests present simple, unambiguous stimuli with constrained responses. They are scored in a standardized way, often by computer. The two best-known projective tests are the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The Rorschach Inkblot Test consists of 5 black- and-white and 5 color inkblots. The respondent states what he or she sees in the inkblots. Then these responses are systematically compared to the responses of people with known personality traits and disorder diagnoses. The Thematic Apperception Test consists of 20 black-and-white illustrations of ambiguous scenes. The respondent tells a story about each scene, including what led up to it, what the people in the scene are thinking and feeling, and how the story ends. Responses are scored with respect to the underlying needs that are expressed. Projective tests are useful to give clinicians an overall initial "picture" of a client. However, they tend to lack the reliability and validity of objective assessments.
264.Suppose you develop a new self-report measure of the broad personality trait of extraversion. Distinguish between reliability and validity. Describe how you would establish the reliability and validity of your new test.
Reliability refers to the consistency with which a test measures a construct such as intelligence. In other words, the same test taken at different times should produce the same results. Validity refers to the degree that a test actually measures what it intends to measure. One way to establish reliability might be to give a sample the test twice, weeks or months apart. If the test is reliable, both of an individual's scores should be nearly identical. This is test-retest reliability. Another way to establish reliability would to be to compute split-half reliability. Scores on one half of the tests items--the even-numbered items, for instance--should correlate highly with scores on the other half of the items--the odd-numbered items in this example. One could establish a new test's validity by showing that scores on the test correlates at least moderately with scores on measures of personality traits related to extraversion, such as sociability, impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and so on. The validity of a new test might also be established by showing that scores on the new test correlate well with scores on already well-established tests of extraversion.
262.Making explicit reference to the concepts of locus of control and self-efficacy, explain how Rotter and Bandura expanded on the traditional learning-theory view of personality.
Rotter and Bandura are associated with the social-cognitive perspective on personality. Both Rotter and Bandura rejected the traditional behaviorist notion that psychologists should focus only on observable behavior. They believed that internal cognitive and broader social influences are also important. Rotter originated the concept of locus of control. Locus of control refers to a pattern of beliefs concerning the causes of reinforcements and punishments. An individual with an internal locus of control believes that he or she can control the reinforcements or punishments he or she receives. For example, a student with an internal locus of control believes that she can determine whether she will be reinforced with a good grade on a test by studying long hours. An individual with an external locus of control believes that the control of reinforcements lies in external forces, such as luck, fate, or powerful people. A student with an external locus of control believes that she can do little to influence whether she is reinforced with good grades, believing instead that luck or the whims of instructors determine her grades. Bandura emphasized self-efficacy, an individual's beliefs about his or her ability and likely effectiveness in reaching a goal; that is, in being reinforced for behavior. A student with high self-efficacy in a statistics course, for example, believes that she has the ability to reach her goals in the course and therefore receive reinforcement. The concepts of locus of control and self-efficacy underscore the social-cognitive argument that beliefs about the control and likelihood of reinforcement may be at least as important to behavior and personality as are reinforcements themselves.
258.Explain the function of defense mechanisms in Freud's theory of the mind. Identify and define three defense mechanisms and provide an example of each.
The id's primal impulses often conflict with the superego's demands to conform to society's morals. One would become anxious if one were aware of the id's impulses. Defense mechanisms are the processes used by the ego to prevent awareness of the id's drives, thereby circumventing anxiety. Three of the following defense mechanisms should be described: Defense Mechanism Sublimation Identification Displacement Repression Rationalization Projection Definition Unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable activities. Feelings and actions are modeled on those of an admired individual. Unacceptable impulses are redirected to a more acceptable target. Unacceptable impulses are pushed into the unconscious. Excuses are made to avoid negative emotions. Unacceptable impulses are attributed to another individual. Example A young man channels aggressive impulses into college athletics. Rather than becoming jealous or resentful of her boss, a woman tries to be more like her. Instead of yelling at his boss, a man argues with his teenage daughter later that day. A woman has no memory of a traumatic childhood incident. After a poor interview, a man convinces himself that he did not really want the job. A girl believes a classmate dislikes her, when in reality it is she who Denial Unacceptable impulses go A woman vehemently unrecognized. denies her attraction to a coworker.
260.How do the theories of the neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theorists differ from Freud's views? Identify two neo-Freudians and describe some of their major contributions to psychological theory.
The neo-Freudians disagreed with Freud's emphasis on sex and aggression. They also believed that personality continues to develop after the end of childhood. Two of these neo-Freudians should be identified and described: Alfred Adler disagreed with Freud's emphasis on the unconscious. Adler believed that humans consciously strive toward growth and perfection. This drive originates from the inferiority and dependency people feel as children. Inferiority complexes may develop when an individual cannot overcome this feeling of powerlessness. Adler's theory is known as individual psychology. Carl Jung deemphasized sex and aggression and provided dislikes the classmate. a positive interpretation of unconscious urges, suggesting that they represented spiritual life force. Jung posited a universal collective unconscious, a common set of ideas, images, and feelings that we have inherited from our ancestors. The collective unconscious is revealed in universal experiences and behaviors. The collective unconscious contains archetypes, universal symbols of broadly shared experiences. One example is the "mother." Karen Horney disagreed with Freud's emphasis on childhood personality, highlighting instead the parent-child relationship. Inadequate parenting can lead to basic anxiety, which people overcome by moving toward, away from, or against other people. Horney also disagreed with the Freudian notion of penis envy, suggesting instead that what women envy is the power and status that men enjoy.
263.Describe trait approaches to personality. Briefly describe Eysenck's trait theory of personality. Identify the Big Five personality dimensions central to contemporary trait approaches. Outline several ways in which the validity of the Big Five theory is supported.
Traits are relatively stable, consistent features of personality. Trait theorists seek to identify the basic traits that best describe individual differences in personality. A statistical procedure called factor analysis is often used to reduce the complex personality differences between people to a few fundamental dimensions. The trait approach is not particularly interested in explaining how or why a person's personality traits came to be. Eysenck suggested that only three major dimensions were necessary to describe personality: introversion-extraversion, neuroticism (emotional stability), and psychoticism. An individual high in psychoticism is cold and impersonal. Eysenck argued that introversion-extraversion is grounded biologically in the activity level of the reticular formation. Introversion relates to an active reticular formation; the restraint and reserve typical of introversion is a way to cope with a highly stimulated brain. Extroverts have a less active reticular formation, and are thus motivated to seek out stimulation so as to increase their level of arousal. The Big Five dimensions are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The validity of the Big Five is based on the fact that these dimensions appear across age groups, languages, and cultures. Moreover, the dimensions show a fair degree of heritability, with estimates ranging from .41 for agreeableness and neuroticism to. 61 for openness.
1._____ refers to the unique set of core characteristics that influence the way an individual feels, thinks, and acts. A) Personality B) Temperament C) Disposition D) Character
A
17.Dr. Montgomery, a personality theorist, seeks to identify the key dimensions necessary to predict behavior. Dr. Montgomery endorses the _____ perspective on personality. A) social-cognitive B) trait C) psychoanalytic D) biological
B
20.Freud's levels of consciousness do NOT include the: A) unconscious. B) subconscious. C) preconscious. D) conscious.
B
21.Freud's preconscious mind is MOST similar to _____ memory. A) sensory B) working C) long-term D) implicit
B
24.In Freud's model of the mind, the _____ consists of a pool of primal psychic energy. A) subconscious B) id C) ego D) superego
B
25.In Freud's model of the mind, the _____ acts as a mediator or negotiator. A) id B) ego C) preconscious D) superego
B
29.What do the id and superego have in common? A) They both reflect society's rules and constraints. B) They are both unrealistic. C) They are both motivated by primitive drives. D) Absolutely nothing: they are direct opposites.
B
3.Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between personality and character? A) Personality is one aspect of character. B) Personality and character are different. C) Personality and character are identical. D) Personality and character are opposites.
B
46.The final psychosexual stage in Freud's developmental sequence is the _____ stage. A) oral B) genital C) anal D) phallic
B
14.Which approach to personality takes the most optimistic view of human nature by suggesting that humans are essentially good? A) social-cognitive B) psychoanalytic C) humanistic D) trait
C
15.Dr. Ainsworth believes that one's personality largely reflects internal conflicts and unconscious forces. Dr. Ainsworth appears to take a _____ perspective on personality. A) social-cognitive B) trait C) psychoanalytic D) biological
C
Which of the following people were humanistic theorists?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
10.Of the personality theories mentioned in the textbook, which two perspectives place the greatest emphasis on environmental influences on personality? A) the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives B) the humanistic and social-cognitive perspectives C) the behavioral and trait perspectives D) the behavioral and social-cognitive perspectives
D
33.Which component of the personality uses defense mechanisms and why? A) The id uses defense mechanisms to express its impulses. B) The superego uses defense mechanisms to help the id express its impulses. C) The superego uses defense mechanisms to help the individual conform to society. D) The ego uses defense mechanisms to prevent excessive anxiety.
D
37.The study of defense mechanisms is associated not only with Sigmund Freud but also with: A) Bertha Pappenheim. B) Alfred Adler. C) Karen Horney. D) Anna Freud.
D
______ approaches to personality are based on the idea that personality is motivated by inner focus.
Psychodynamic
Suppose your friend is describing to you that he wants to go out and drink and have fun tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is represented by the pressure to stay in and study?
Superego
35.To avoid experiencing anxiety, Logan is attributing his own unacceptable aggressive impulses to another individual. Logan is using a defense mechanism called: A) displacement. B) projection. C) sublimation. D) identification.
B
40.Liz has become more responsive to her partner's advances since she noticed an attractive woman moved in next door. Liz is using a defense mechanism called: A) projection. B) displacement. C) sublimation. D) identification.
B
44.According to the textbook, the MOST adaptive defense mechanism is _____, whereas the LEAST adaptive is _____. A) sublimation; displacement B) sublimation; denial C) projection; denial D) denial; sublimation
B
8.Both the _____ and the _____ theories of personality have been criticized for relying on concepts that are difficult to define operationally. A) psychoanalytic; behavioral B) psychoanalytic; humanistic C) behavioral; humanistic D) behavioral; biological
B
30.Which sequence BEST reflects the order in which Freud's personality structures develop during infancy and childhood, from first to last? A) superego > ego > id B) id > superego > ego C) id > ego > superego D) superego > id > ego
C
34.In order to protect herself from experiencing anxiety, Nancy is attributing her own unacceptable aggressive impulses to another individual. Nancy is using a: A) self-actualization principle. B) fixation process. C) defense mechanism. D) psychoanalytic strategy.
C
4.The distinct patterns of emotional reactions and behaviors seen at a young age make up one's: A) character. B) disposition. C) temperament. D) personality.
C
41.Unable to accept his desire for other young men, 15-year-old Juan pours himself into his studies. Juan's case illustrates the defense mechanism of: A) projection. B) displacement. C) sublimation. D) identification.
C
47.Which stage of psychosexual development is correctly matched with its age range? A) oral - 3-6 years phallic - 0-11/2 years anal - 11/2-3 years D) genital - 6-12 years
C
6.Baby Rebecca is easygoing and curious. She adapts quickly to changes. These characteristics are part of Rebecca's _____. They will ultimately contribute to part of her adult _____. A) personality; temperament B) character; personality C) temperament; personality D) temperament; character
C
The biological and evolutionary approaches to personality contend that personality is ______.
inherited
Failure to resolve conflicts at a particular stage can result in conflicts that persist beyond the development period in which they occur, which Freud called ______.
fixation
Unlike other approaches to personality, the psychodynamic approach focuses on the ______ mind.
unconscious
Unconditional positive regard is characterized by an attitude of respect and acceptance of ______.
other people
According to Jung, our collective unconscious is inherited from:
our parents, distant ancestors, non-human animals
The pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person is called their
personality
The term ______ refers to individual differences in emotional and behavioral styles that appear so early in life that they are assumed to have a biological basis.
temperament
11.The _____ perspective on personality examines how the environment shapes personality through classical and operant conditioning, as well as through observational learning. A) behavioral B) biological C) trait D) humanistic
A
19.The term "psychoanalysis" refers to the psychological theory and system of treatment devised by: A) Sigmund Freud. B) Abraham Maslow. C) Gordon Allport. D) Alfred Adler.
A
22.Freud used dream analysis and hypnosis to gain access to the _____ mind. A) unconscious B) preconscious C) subconscious D) conscious
A
32.Which choice correctly pairs one of Freud's personality structures with a key word or phrase? A) id - pleasure principle B) ego - conscience C) superego - reality principle D) ego - psychic energy
A
36.Shauntel tells people that her coworker Clarice dislikes her; if she were honest, though, Shauntel would realize that it is actually she who dislikes Clarice. Shauntel is using a defense mechanism known as: A) projection. B) displacement. C) sublimation. D) identification.
A
39.______ is probably the best-known of Freud's defense mechanisms. A) Repression B) Denial C) Rationalization D) Projection
A
43.Which defense mechanism is correctly matched with its definition? A) displacement - an unacceptable feeling is redirected from a threatening individual to a less threatening one. B) sublimation - unacceptable impulses are attributed to another person C) projection - reasonable excuses are made for unacceptable impulses or situations D) rationalization - unacceptable feelings or situations are not recognized
A
48.Which stage of psychosexual development is correctly matched with its key conflict? A) oral - weaning B) anal - masturbation C) phallic - mature sexuality D) genital - toilet training
A
7.Baby Celeste is busy, active, and sleeps fitfully; her sister, by contrast, was calm and placid as a baby. This vignette illustrates differences in: A) temperament. B) character. C) personality. D) disposition.
A
23.In Freud's view, the _____ mind contains material that is virtually impossible to retrieve, whereas the _____ mind contains material that is outside awareness, but that can be retrieved fairly easily. A) subconscious; preconscious B) unconscious; preconscious C) unconscious; subconscious D) preconscious; unconscious
B
16.Dr. Plater believes that one's personality is really just a collection of behaviors that have been conditioned, reinforced, or learned through observation. Dr. Plater endorses the _____ perspective on personality. A) biological B) trait C) behavioral D) humanistic
C
2.Dr. Conway states that his research investigates the consistent, enduring characteristics that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Conway's research is MOST likely in the area of: A) motivation. B) developmental psychology. C) personality. D) social psychology.
C
28.With respect to Freud's model of the mind, pleasure is to reality as _____ is to _____. A) ego; id B) id; superego C) id; ego D) superego; ego
C
A person who is careful, disciplined, and organized is likely to be high in which of the Big 5 traits?
Conscientiousness (CANOE)
Which of the following are part of the Big Five personality traits? (Remember CANOE!)
Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion
The N in CANOE stands for
Neuroticism
A person who is insecure and anxious is likely high in which of the Big 5 traits?
Neuroticism (CANOE)
Which personality theory is described as placing labels on personality?
Trait
Which theorists propose that all people possess certain traits but the degree to which they possess these traits varies and can be quantified?
Trait
Archetypes are contained in the ______ unconscious.
collective
The purpose of using repression is to push unacceptable ______ impulses back into the unconscious minds.
id
When a son adopts the behavior, values, and beliefs of his father, Freud calls this the process of
identification
According to Rogers, major discrepancies between a person's ________ and how others perceive him or her can lead to frequent anxiety.
self-concept