CH 13 Sustainable Cities SCI 1102

According to the graph, SUVs use _______ more total energy compared to light rail.

2.5 times

According to the projected data, after what year will the majority of people in less developed regions be living in urban areas?

2018

Which of these would reduce the urban heat island effect?

Adding more parks and green spaces

As cities continue to grow, smart growth planning is one potential tool to improve urban quality of life. Which of the environmental issues listed below is directly impacted by smart growth planning?

Agricultural land supply

According to the graph, which of the following can you conclude about large cities? Select all that apply.

All modes of mass transit are more cost effective than driving an automobile in a large city. ; An automobile in a large city costs over $1.60 per passenger mile. ; More than half the cost of an automobile in a large city is due to parking and roadway costs.

Which of the following statements is supported by the graph?

As urban sprawl increases, automobile use also increases.

How do the rates of land use and gasoline consumption in Australian cities compare with those in U.S. cities?

At any level of per capita land consumption, people in U.S. cities use more gasoline than those in Australian cities.

Randal O'Toole describes a number of problems with smart growth, the proposed remedy for urban sprawl. Which of the following statements is one of the problems he describes?

Claims that suburbs cause obesity and crime are merely junk science.

Which of the following is a method that governments use to improve urban transportation?

Designate lanes as carpool-only.

What do the orange dots represent?

European cities

Which of the following ideas was suggested by speakers in the video?

Future cities should repurpose compacted metal as building blocks for buildings.

Arthur Nelson explains how "urban containment" planning leads to four outcomes. Which of the following is one of those outcomes?

High-density and -intensity land uses are found in the central business district

In which city do individuals have the highest rate of gasoline consumption?

Houston

Which of the following statements are supported by the graph? Select all that apply.

In 2050, rural populations in less developed regions are projected to drop below 3 billion. ; In 2050, urban populations in less developed regions are projected to reach 5 billion. ; In 1950, urban populations in more developed regions and less developed regions were almost equal. ; Rural populations are projected to drop in both more developed and less developed regions.

In the study of urban ecology in Baltimore and Phoenix, how do the two cities differ in their citizens' exposure to toxic chemicals?

In Phoenix, ethnic minorities are more likely to be exposed to such hazards, whereas in Baltimore, those living in working-class white neighborhoods are more likely to be exposed.

Which of these accurately describes an effect of an urban population migrating into a suburban area?

Increased rates of vehicle-related pollution

Which of the following best summarizes the future plans for cities?

Make cities self-sufficient.

The two authors have very different viewpoints in part because their underlying values are quite different. Which of the answers below identifies key values of the two authors?

Nelson: equal housing opportunity; O'Toole: minimal government planning

A city develops a long-term plan where each neighborhood has access to schools, grocery stores, and other amenities within walking distance or via rail service. What is the name of this example?

New urbanism

Both authors make claims in their essays related to urban sprawl. Identify the topic below where the authors make contradictory statements.

Percentage of Americans who prefer single-family homes versus attached or compact forms

According to the graph, which of the following can you conclude?

Rail operation is the most cost-effective mass transit option.

How do the speakers in the video hope to treat waste generated by cities of the future?

They plan to rely more on recycling and upcycling.

In which nation or region do cities have the highest degree of urban sprawl?

United States

This figure shows the chloride concentration in Baltimore-area streams. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data shown?

Urban areas are more impervious than rural areas.

Curitiba, Brazil, has shown us that ________.

a walkable city center and expanded bus system can solve a large city's traffic congestion

Historically, large cities have tended to develop ________.

along trade routes

A resource sink is ________.

an area that produces almost none of the things that it needs

Greenways ________.

are links that provide pathways for wildlife to travel between parks and preserves

What information is provided on the x-axis?

area per person, in square meters

According to the graph, which type of mass transit is not a cost-effective option for a small city?

bus

What is the major factor driving the move to the suburbs from cities?

desire to live in less crowded, more peaceful conditions

New urbanism seeks to ________.

develop walkable neighborhoods, with homes and businesses close together

A prosperous area far away from an urban center would be considered a(n)

exurb

Commuter towns, generally populated by affluent individuals, lying some distance from a central city

exurbs

American cities in the northern United States, such as Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit, ________.

grew very rapidly in the 19th and early 20th centuries

The world's urban populations are ________.

growing at a faster rate than the global population as a whole

The urban heat island effect is caused by ________.

heat-generating buildings and dark, heat-absorbing surfaces

In 2010, the Portland area's Metropolitan Service District (Metro) made a historic agreement between landowners and citizens that ________.

included a regional plan to identify exactly where urban growth would be allowed over the next 50 years

Urban sprawl typically results in ________.

increased commuting distances

Which mode of transit uses the least energy during vehicle operation?

light rail

People who live entirely within an urban environment ________.

may become disconnected from nature and from the true costs of their needs and activities

Designing neighborhoods on a walkable scale

new urbanism

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The amount of gasoline used by each person generally decreases as per capita land consumption increases.

not supported

Oregon's strong policy of enforcing UGBs (urban growth boundaries) to create livable cities has been exemplary for many years, but between 2004 and 2007, voters ________.

passed a bill giving property owners some exceptions from UGB rules

Which of the following approaches would earn points toward LEED certification?

recycling all construction wastes

Broad land-use strategy that encompasses several cities and adjoining nonurban areas

regional planning

Air travel, the Internet, cheap fossil fuels, and television all have allowed people to ________.

remain connected while living in less centralized locations

From where does New York City get its drinking water?

reservoirs far to the northwest of the city

In developing nations such as India and Nigeria, ________.

rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers

The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center

sprawl

Residential/commercial communities that ring larger cities

suburbs

Mass-transit systems include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

taxicabs

The greatest general problem with suburbs is ________.

that they spread environmental impact over a larger area

This figure shows the population of Portland, Oregon, from 1850 to 2015. What is the explanation for the population trend from 1950 to 1980?

the exodus of residents to the suburbs

Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include ________.

the increased use of fossil fuels

A city undergoing gentrification is experiencing ________.

the loss of working-class people from traditional neighborhoods as housing prices become too expensive

One of the speakers in the video made an analogy between a city and a very large tree. In this analogy, the root system of the tree was compared to __________.

the way soils, air, and water are needed to sustain people in the city

LEED-certified buildings could be described in all of the following ways, EXCEPT ________.

their construction usually costs less than for conventional buildings

The shift from rural to urban living

urbanization

The practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use

zoning