Ch 14 and 15 public speaking exam

A syllogism is used with Deductive reasoning Analogical reasoning Inductive reasoning Spatial reasoning

Deductive reasoning

The type of reasoning that starts with a general principle or rule and draws a conclusion from it is called Deductive reasoning Analogical reasoning Inductive reasoning Spatial reasoning

Deductive reasoning

What is the second step in the Motivated Sequence design? Demonstrate a need Call for action Satisfy the need Visualize the results

Demonstrate a need

Faulty Analogy Fallacy

•Comparing things which are dissimilar in some important way

Elsie wants to test whether the proof for her persuasive speech is acceptable, convincing, and compelling. She needs to focus on which single question? "Is the speech in line with audience demographics?" "Does the speech get its reasoning from popular culture?" "Is the speech logical?" "Is the speech firmly anchored in your mind?"

"Is the speech logical?"

Why use Deductive Reasoning?

- use when Arguing from shared beliefs and principles -Establishes common ground with listeners -to Leverage cognitive dissonance

Why is Causal Reasoning a bad thing?

-Causes of problems often disputed -Best arguments developed inductively -Quality of evidence and experts crucial -Beware tendency to oversimplify -Don't confuse correlation with causation

Co-active approach

-For engaging less sympathetic or hostile listeners -To achieve a thoughtful and considerate hearing: -Establish identification and good will early on. -Reason from shared beliefs and values. -Emphasize explanation over argument. -Make a multi sided presentation.

Inductive reasoning example

-My cousin, my teacher, and myself all have foreign cars which broke down. -Foreign cars are unreliable.

The Process of Persuasion

1) Awareness 2) Understanding 3) Agreement 4) Enactment 5) Integration

Monroe's Motivated sequence

A type of the problem-solution with five steps: 1.Arouse attention 2.Demonstrate a need 3.Satisfy the need 4.Visualize the results Call for action

Analogical Reasoning

Addressing problems or proposals through comparison

Manipulative persuasion is characterized by Colorful images Music Attractive spokespersons All of the above

All of the above

Which of these is a technique for removing barriers to listener commitment to your ideas? provide needed information apply audience values strengthen your credibility All of the above

All of the above

Persuasive speaking vs. informative speaking

An informative speech aims to inform the audience about a specific topic. A persuasive speech aims to persuade the audience to perform a certain action or convince the audience to adopt the belief or opinion of the speaker.

The type of reasoning that relates a subject to something similar is called Analogical reasoning Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Spatial reasoning

Analogical reasoning

_____ is the process of relating a subject to something an audience finds more familiar, more concrete or more easily understood. nductive reasoning Analogical reasoning Deductive reasoning Proof

Analogical reasoning

Pathos

Appeals to emotions

Mythos

Appeals to shared traditions and values

Proofs

Basic appeals that enhance persuasiveness

Fallacies

Errors in evidence, proofs, or reasoning

Type of fallacy: Confusion of Fact & Opinion

Fact—verifiable Opinion—personal interpretation

Refutative design

For engaging disputed issues and opposing views -Five essential parts: 1. Introduction that strategically frames the issue 2. Proposition that articulates your persuasive thesis 3. Arguments that engage opposing views 4. Arguments that support your position 5. Conclusion with summary and exhortation

Manipulative persuasion is inherently unethical because It does not include careful consideration of evidence and proofs. It does not support good or useful causes It might not be justified or challenged It is part of the Western tradition reaching back over thousands of years

It does not include careful consideration of evidence and proofs.

The form of proof that deals with appeals to personal feelings is called Pathos Ethos Logos Mythos

Pathos

Ethos

Perceived competence, character, good will, and dynamism (ethics appeal)

The ____________ design first convinces listeners that there is a problem and then shows them how to deal with it. Problem-Solution Refutative Persuasive Argumentative

Problem-Solution

The ______________ design is appropriate when you need to challenge other views. Refutative Argumentative Persuasive Problem-Solution

Refutative

Logos

The use of reasoning and evidence (logical appeal)

As values are quite resistant to change, listeners need to see that your proposal agrees with the principles they already accept. True False

True

No matter how they think or feel, all people tend to seek consistency between their values and behaviors. True False

True

When you acknowledge and then refute arguments, you also help your credibility in two ways - by enhancing your trustworthiness and enhancing your competence. True False

True

When do you use Refutative?

You must answer strong opposition on a topic before you can establish your position; good for speeches engaging controversial issues.

When do you use Comparative/Contrast?

You want to demonstrate why your proposal is superior to another; especially good for speeches in which you contend with opposing views.

When do you use Chronological?

You want to show how a persuasive issue has developed over time.

When do you use Sequential design?

Your speech contains a plan of action that must be carried out in a specific order.

When do you use Causation ?

Your topic addresses disputed causes of an important problem, or you need to explain the cause as a prerequisite to offering your solutions

When do you use Motivated Sequence?

Your topic calls for action as the final phase of a five-step process that includes arousing attention, demonstrating the need, satisfying the need, visualizing the results, and calling for action.

When do you use Problem-Solution?

Your topic presents a problem that needs to be solved and a solution that will solve it; good for speeches involving attitudes and urging action.

When do you use Categorical?

Your topic readily breaks into familiar patterns or categories, such as proving a plan will be safe, inexpensive, and effective; can be used to change attitudes or to urge action.

What is a syllogism?

a kind of logical argument(inference) that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.

Inductive reasoning

a method of reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence, but not full assurance, for the truth of the conclusion.

Which are people most likely to change as a result of persuasion? a principle that is inconsistent with a practice a value that is inconsistent with a practice a practice that is inconsistent with a principle or value a behavior that is consistent with a principle or value

a practice that is inconsistent with a principle or value

In persuasive public speaking, evidence can be defined as _____. a series of appeals to emotion, logic, and practicality a category of reasons that back up a claim Correct! a compilation of supporting materials a body of information based on opinion, innuendo, and assumption

a series of appeals to emotion, logic, and practicality

Inductive reasoning begins with _____. a generalization or assumption a commonly held belief an examination of the details a statement of the principle

an examination of the details

Spatial reasoning

arranges main points according to their physical and geographic relationships.

What is the final step in the Motivated Sequence design? Call for action Demonstrate a need Satisfy the need Visualize the results

call for action

Awareness involves knowing about a problem and paying attention to it. This phase of persuasive speaking is sometimes called _____. cognitive dissonance creative visualization consciousness raising mind mapping

consciousness raising

Problem-Solution

convince listeners of a problem and offer solutions or plan of action

In order to make sure the audience understands the speaker, it is important to define major issues use deductive reasoning speak slowly and clearly finding an audience that agrees with the speaker

define major issues

Sara's listeners see that she is trustworthy, knows what she is talking about, and has something to say. This illustrates how her ____ greatly influences whether she succeeds or fails as a speaker. ethos mythos logos pathos

ethos

It is best to use _____ when you really need to bring your ideas into sharp focus, add life to them, and put a human face on the situation. definitions examples maxims principles

examples

Either-or thinking creates a(n) _____. false dilemma analogical proof master proof syllogism

false dilemma

Persuasion is the art of _____. gaining fair and favorable consideration for our points of view convincing others that a particular course of action is the only correct one showing other people various options regarding a decision facing them getting others to change their behavior and act on our ideas or opinions

gaining fair and favorable consideration for our points of view

The speaker is dynamic, knowledgeable, and convincing. The listeners are beginning to connect these newly found attitudes with their previously held beliefs and values, so there is a good chance of lasting change. The speaker has reached the _____. enactment stage agreement stage integration stage understanding stage

integration stage

Which of these is NOT a stage in the persuasive process? invitation integration agreement enactment

invitation

Speakers who achieve proof by _____ have convinced listeners of the authenticity of patterns of reasoning developed in their speeches. logos ethos mythos pathos

logos

What kinds of goals should be set for a speech to be given before a hesitant or reluctant audience? high goals of swaying the crowd and changing attitudes and beliefs modest goals of building awareness or understanding minimal goals of getting the audience to remain quiet and pay attention no goals beyond getting through the entire speech

modest goals of building awareness or understanding

Deductive reasoning reasons from ______. principle detail intuition fact

principle

Which element will most help a speaker present a convincing problem-solution speech? emotion narrative reasoning instinct

reasoning

Casual Reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

Madison is giving a speech on immigration reform, and she knows she will have to answer to strong opposition before she can establish her somewhat unpopular position. Which persuasive speech design would be best for Madison's topic? motivated sequence categorical refutative sequential

refutative

In order to entice a reluctant audience to listen to your speech, you should cite authorities that they will respect and accept believe and admire acknowledge and identify with recognize and agree with

respect and accept

Which of these is a technique to move your audience from agreeing with you to acting on your ideas? spark their enthusiasm be general with instructions let the listeners determine their own plan of action focus on differences in beliefs and values

spark their enthusiasm

Which of these is NOT a step to entice a reluctant listener to listen to your persuasive speech? start with areas of disagreement set modest goals emphasize explanation over argument compare your position with others in a favorable way

start with areas of disagreement

In attending a persuasive speech, a thoughtful person would likely ask himself or herself some basic, generic questions called _____ before simply agreeing to a change in behaviors, policies, or procedures. ethical constraints motivated sequences secondary messages stock issues

stock issues

The _____ trivializes, distorts, or otherwise misrepresents the position of opponents so they will be easier to refute. post hoc fallacy myth of the mean fallacy straw man fallacy bandwagon fallacy

straw man fallacy

The type of evidence that calls on experts to support your position is testimony facts examples narratives

testimony

Deductive reasoning

the process of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logical conclusion

Cognitive dissonance

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.

Once a speaker has brought the issue to the attention of the audience, the next task to focus on is getting the audience to _____. rethink their current values act on the problem agree with the favored position understand the nature of the problem

understand the nature of the problem

When do you use spatial reasoning?

useful organization style when the main point's importance is derived from its location or directional focus.

The text lists seven ways that persuasive speaking differs from informative speaking. One of them is that it _____. has the goal of expanding audience minds and broadening audience horizons involves little ethical obligation since fewer facts or statistics are included requires less involvement or risk on the part of listeners uses supporting materials as evidence or proof rather than as illustration or example

uses supporting materials as evidence or proof rather than as illustration or example

Manipulative persuasion

using suggestion, colorful images, appealing music, attractive spokespersons, repetition

Deductive reasoning example

•All men are blonde. •Socrates is a man. •Socrates is blonde.

Hasty Generalization Fallacy

•An error in Inductive reasoning. (Reaching a conclusion from too few examples.)

Either-Or Fallacy

•Arguing that there are only two possible solutions to a problem.

Type of fallacy: Slippery slope

•Assumes that one thing will establish an irreversible trend leading to disaster

Post Hoc (Causal) Fallacy

•Assuming that if something happens after an event, it was caused by the event.

Ad Hominem Fallacy(Attacking the Person)

•Attacking the person who is proposing the idea rather than the idea itself.

Shaky Principle Fallacy

•Basing an argument on a false premise

Developing evidence

•Facts and Statistics—ultimate justification •Examples—awaken feelings •Narratives—make audience part of story •Testimony—calls on experts as witnesses

Begging the Question Fallacy

•Relying on colorful language to disguise the fact that you have no evidence to prove what you are saying

Red Herring Fallacy

•Trying to draw attention away from the real issues in a dispute

myth of the mean fallacy

•Using the "average" to suggest it is always true