CH. 14: Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Childhood speech-fluency disorder is categorized as which of the following?

A communication disorder

Going forward, what offers Emilio and his family the best hope for improved functioning?

A comprehensive program aimed at the development of functional skills

Successful treatment of autism spectrum disorder often relies on which type of methods?

Behavioral methods

Research on the prevalence of ADHD indicates which of the following?

Boys are 2 to 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls

Current efforts to prevent or minimize the impact of Neurodevelopmental disorders focus on which of the following?

Early intervention

Treatment of specific-learning disorders relies primarily on which of the following?

Educational interventions

Some of the symptoms associated with various developmental disorders are listed below. Indicate which symptom is clearly present in Marie's case

Exhibits persistent pattern of distractible or forgetful behaviors

Pattern of abnormality caused by a defect in the X chromosome that results in intellectual development disorder, learning problems, and unusual physical characteristics

Fragile X syndrome

The DSM-5 conceptualization of intellectual disabilities rests on which of the following?

Functional deficits

Genetic influences on ADHD are believed to be which of these?

High

Emilio's parents are concerned about his ability to attend kindergarten. Based on the evidence presented in his case, which of the following is most likely to impede his success at present?

His limitations in creating and sustaining relationships with others will make it difficult to adjust to social norms in a classroom

Logan has autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and his tone of voice tends to be flat, even when discussing topics of interest to him. Which characteristic of ASD is Logan exhibiting?

Impairment in social communication

Significantly sub average intellectual functioning paired with deficits in adaptive functioning such as self-care or occupational activities, appearing before age

Intellectual development disorder (intellectual disability or ID)

Justin describes himself as having Asperger's. Why is this such a controversial diagnosis?

It is recognized as part of the autism spectrum rather than a distinct disorder

Attention shared by two persons toward an object after one person has indicated interest in the object to the other person

Joint attention

Limited speech in all situations; expressive language (what is said) is significantly below receptive language (what is understood); receptive language is usually average

Language disorder

Which disorder, found only in men, is characterized by intellectual disability, signs of cerebral palsy (spasticity or tightening of the muscles), and self-injurious behavior?

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Based on what you know of her current behavior and functioning, which term do you think best describes Jen Msumba?

Level 1 - requiring support

Marie's behavior impacts several areas of her life. How is Marie's social life being disrupted by her behavior?

Marie is losing friends because she is inattentive in conversations

Based on her achievements, what level of intellectual impairment do you believe Schiavone has?

Mild

Modest impairment in cognitive abilities that can be over-come with accommodations such as extensive lists or elaborate schedules

Mild neurocognitive disorder

What would be the best way to describe the heritability estimates of autism spectrum disorder?

Moderate

Instructional techniques that are used with children having Neurodevelopmental disorders and that move away from traditional desk instruction toward more natural social interactions

Naturalistic teaching strategy

Neurologically based disorders that are revealed in a clinically significant way during a child's developing years

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Suppose a 7-year-old child has the following symptoms and no others: often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly; often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork; and often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities. The symptoms have persisted for almost a year and are interfering with academic achievement, but they cannot be accounted or by oppositional defiant disorder or hostility. Which diagnosis is most appropriate?

No diagnosis, since not enough symptoms are present

Learning disabilities require that the individual have which of the following characteristics?

Perform at a level below what would be expected for someone their age

Some of the symptoms associated with various Neurodevelopmental disorders are listed below. Indicate which symptom is clearly present in Emilio's case

Persistent failure to maintain social engagement, such as eye-to-eye contact

What are the subtypes of ADHD in the DSM-5?

Predominantly inattentive; predominantly hyperactive/impulsive; and combined

Vocal characteristics such as tone and stress; people with autism spectrum disorder often have trouble recognizing and interpreting these vocal cues

Prosody

The three categories of specific-learning disorders are those affecting which of the following?

Reading, expression, or mathematics

Msumba's stimming behavior fits into which category of behavior?

Repetitive motor patterns

Ernie, aged 5, was recently diagnosed with ADHD and is being seen at a community mental health center. Ernie's treatment is most likely to focus on which of the following?

Setting specific behavioral goals with systematic consequences

Based on the video and other information provided about Whitney, what can you infer about her intellectual ability?

She appears to have intellectual functioning that is within the average range

Whitney's impairment in social abilities, such as recognizing others' emotions and responding appropriately to social cues, is a primary criterion for autism spectrum disorder. What other type of behavior does Whitney engage in that demonstrates another primary criterion for this disorder

She insists on maintaining a rigid routine and schedule

One positive outcome of Marie's meeting with the school psychologist is that she may be referred for treatment that will address some of her problematic behaviors. If left untreated, which of the following is the most likely outcome for Marie?

She may have difficulty maintaining a job

What is known about the etiology of learning disorders?

Some individuals with learning disorders appear to have differences in brain functioning

Justin's mother described how he seemed different as an infant; in her words, "a little quirky." Can signs of autism spectrum disorder be noted in infancy?

Sometimes parents notice differences in infancy, but those differences may occur in infants without autism spectrum disorder and are often dismissed

Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by academic performance that is substantially below what would be expected given the person's age, intelligence quotient (IQ) score, and education

Specific learning disorder

Although it is not known how Levine's ADHD has been treated, what is the first line of biological treatment for ADHD in the United States?

Stimulant medication

The first types of medication successfully used in the treatment of ADHD were which of these?

Stimulants

Now referred to as childhood-onset fluency disorder; a disturbance in speech fluency that causes the speaker to repeat words, prolong sounds, and extend pauses

Stuttering

Digna, aged 17, has an extra 21st chromosome and an intellectual disability. Digna was successfully treated for a congenital hear defect as an infant, and has facial features that are characteristic of a particular disease. Which disorder does Digna most likely have?

Down syndrome

Type of intellectual development disorder caused by a chromosomal aberration (on chromosome 490) and involving characteristic physical appearance

Down syndrome

Levine experienced symptoms of ADHD as a child and as an adult. What typically happens to children with ADHD as they become adults?

They are at increased risk of substance use problems

Research suggests that early intervention programs for toddlers with autism spectrum disorders are accurately described as which of the following?

They ca produce long-lasting functional improvements

Which statement best characterizes most of the mental disorders described in the text?

They originate in childhood although they may not be apparent until later

Many people with autism, especially those who are higher functioning, continue to learn and compensate for aspects of their disorder throughout their life. What is an example of this learning and compensation that Whitney reported in the video?

Trying to memorize and mimic other people's social behaviors

When many people think of the prognosis for individuals with intellectual disabilities, they think solely in terms of scores on intelligence tests. Which other factor does DSM-5 now include that makes lower IQ alone insufficient for a diagnosis of intellectual disability

Adaptive functioning

Prenatal medical procedure that allows the detection of abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome) in the developing fetus

Amniocentesis

Based on the full diagnostic criteria listed by the DSM-5 for developmental disorders (not just the symptoms highlighted in the previous question), for which diagnosis does Marie display the most consistent symptoms?

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Developmental Disorder featuring maladaptive levels of inattention, excessive activity, and impulsiveness

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Justin's mother describes her son as having atypical eye contact - that she would look at him and he would look away. Which category of symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders does this best fit into?

Atypical nonverbal communication

Based on the full diagnostic criteria listed by the DSM-5 for Neurodevelopmental disorders (not just the symptoms highlighted in the previous question), which diagnosis does Emilio appear to meet the criteria for?

Autism spectrum disorder

Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in social interactions and communication and restricted patterns of behavior, interest, and activity

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Pervasive developmental disorder involving severe regression in language, adaptive behavior, and motor skills after a two-year to four-year period of normal development

Childhood disintegrative disorder

A genetic test conducted during early pregnancy that samples cells found in the placenta (chorionic villi) and assesses possible genetic or chromosomal problems in the fetus

Chorionic villus sampling

At Justin's age, which approach might be useful in helping him become more independent?

Community-based skills development so he can be independent

Base pairs that are added or deleted as a result of mutations; these variants may play a role in the development of ADHD and other disorders

Copy number variant

Mild intellectual development disorder that may be caused largely by environmental influences

Cultural-familial intellectual development disorder

In considering Neurodevelopmental disorders, which of the following is important to bear in mind?

Disruption in the development of an early skill can disrupt development of later skills

Evidence implicating neurotransmitters in ADHD is strongest for which neurotransmitter, in part because one of the most common medications for ADHD interacts with that neurotransmitter system?

Dopamine