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Which of the following messages is most likely to motivate the maintenance of an exercise program?

"If you exercise, you'll feel more energetic and look more attractive."

Tim was told by his doctor that if he did not stop eating fast food, he will become diabetic and obese. This is an example of a(n) ________framed health message.

negatively

Yolanda is taking the "cold turkey" approach to stopping her drinking habit. This means that she is

not taking another drink of alcohol.

Adaptation to stress

occurs without a person's awareness.

During the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),

people use a variety of means to cope with the stressor.

Andrew was told by his physician that he would be able to control his diabetes if he controls his diet and avoids the use of sugar in his diet. Andrew was given a(n) ________ framed health message by his physician.

positively

The Surgeon General is developing new warning labels for cigarette packages. A certain label states, "Quitting smoking now will improve respiratory and cardiovascular health." Label A is a(n) ________ framed health message.

positively

Ron recently lost his best friend in a flash flood while they were camping. Now, even the sight of a full bath tub triggers flashbacks of the event, and he has difficulty sleeping. In the given scenario, it is most likely that Ron is suffering from

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Most individuals in the United States would rate themselves as

pretty happy

Josh was just in an automobile accident. The first thing he does is call his insurance company and begin the claim process. Josh is engaging in ________ coping.

problem-focused

Dr. Alastair examines the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain. Dr. Alastair is a

psychoneuroimmunologist.

Rosemary is interested in studying the relationships between emotion, the nervous system, and the immune system. She would be most interested in the field of

psychoneuroimmunology.

Susan has been working tirelessly for the past few weeks to meet tight deadlines. She is also being compelled by her parents to get married and settle down. Susan is stressed and has been diagnosed with high blood pressure, skin rashes, and fatigue. She is in a helpless state and thinks her life is in turmoil. Susan is suffering from a(n)

psychophysiological disorder.

Researchers have found that the most effective component of weight-loss programs is

regular exercise.

Macy is about to try to quit smoking. We can predict that she will

relapse several times before successfully quitting.

Katie has been diagnosed with breast cancer and is under significant stress. She is now undergoing a series of chemotherapy treatments to attempt to treat the cancer. According to Selye, Katie is in the ________ stage of GAS.

resistance

Once you get over the initial stress associated with your first exam of finals week, the fact that you have several more exams will likely lead your body to enter the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

resistance

People enter the last stage of the general adaptation syndrome—exhaustion—when

resistance is inadequate.

Jeanne only drinks alcohol when she is playing bridge with her friends. Her motive for drinking would be characterized as

social.

Maurice is desperately attempting to study for his first test in psychology. However, the book store has run out of textbooks. He loaned his notes to the good-looking girl who sits behind him, and she has not returned them. The test is scheduled for tomorrow morning and he has a headache. Maurice is experiencing

stress.

A situation, circumstance, or event that challenges the individual and requires some form of coping mechanism best defines the term

stressor.

Which of the following theories suggests that the physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress?

the general adaptation syndrome theory

Which of the following is the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

the resistance stage

A person who tries to quit smoking "cold turkey" is

trying to stop without making any major lifestyle changes.

Which of the following is an effective coping strategy?

turn a threat into a challenge

Which statement is NOT correct concerning the relationship between the immune system and stress?

Acute stressors produce enhanced immune system functioning.

In which of the following situations might emotion-focused coping be most beneficial?

After your dog dies

The most effective way to quit smoking is to

use products that provide a dose of nicotine that reduces dependence on cigarettes.

Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Which of the following statements is true of stress?

An event may sometimes be stressful and at other times provoke no stressful reaction at all.

Who is experiencing the benefits of social support?

Ava joined a weight-watchers club.

Which of the following is TRUE of cancer?

Cancer spreads when certain cells in the body become altered and multiply rapidly in an uncontrolled fashion.

Which of the following is TRUE of defense mechanisms?

Defense mechanisms permit people to avoid stress by acting as if the stress were not even there.

Which of the following is TRUE of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

During the exhaustion stage, sometimes people escape a stressor.

After studying all week for final exams, eating poorly, and not getting enough sleep, Shelly woke up the day after her last exam with the flu. She is in which stage of the GAS?

Exhaustion

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding male and female physicians' communication with their patients?

Female physicians provide more patient-centered communication than do male physicians.

Which of the following is TRUE about happiness?

Generally, money does not buy happiness.

Which of the following is true of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

It can be triggered by an otherwise innocent stimulus.

Which of the following is true of avoidant coping?

It often makes the problem worse.

In the context of following medical advice, which of the following is an example of creative nonadherence?

Jake substitutes his prescribed medications with other medications that he believes will work better.

Who is NOT engaged in what psychologists refer to as health behaviors?

Jim is studying his history notes.

In the context of smoking, which of the following statements is true of developing countries?

Many governments rely on revenues from tobacco.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about happiness?

Men and women report being equally happy.

Which of the following statements is true of smokers?

Most smokers agree that cigarette smoking frequently causes disease and death.

Which of the following statements about optimism and coping is FALSE?

Optimists avoid paying attention to news that is negative.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding patients' preference for male or female physicians?

Patients prefer same-sex physicians.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about problem-focused coping?

Problem-focused coping leads to changes in behavior or to the development of a plan of action to deal with stress.

Which of the following statements is true of addiction to smoking?

Smoking even a single cigarette can lead to a smoker finding that not smoking requires an effort or involves discomfort.

Who is most likely going to achieve his or her desired weight loss?

Stan wants to make the track team.

Which of the following statements is NOT one of the preliminary hypotheses in regards to the relationship between stress and the immune system?

Stress directly promotes disease-producing processes.

Which of the following is TRUE of the consequences of stress?

Stress produces both biological and psychological consequences.

Which individual will cope most successfully with stress?

Tara exercises regularly.

In the context of quitting smoking, which of the following statements is true about addiction to smoking?

The biochemical reactions to nicotine are similar to those to amphetamines.

Which of the following is TRUE of the Type A behavior pattern?

The importance of the Type A behavior pattern lies in its links to coronary heart disease.

Based on the text, which of these is an accurate description of the relationship between stress and the immune system and cancer?

The physiological effects of stress inhibit immune responses to cancer.

Which of the following is a reason for ineffective communication between primary-care physicians and their patients?

The relatively high prestige of physicians intimidates patients, which affects communication.

Which of the following is true of the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

The sympathetic nervous system becomes energized.

Which of the following is true of resilient people?

They are likely to be genetically predisposed to produce chemicals that can moderate the effects of cortisol.

Annie gets annoyed if anyone in her class gets a better grade than her. She becomes very hostile toward that person. It is most likely that Annie has a ________ personality.

Type A

Vivian always makes sure that she submits her class assignments before anybody else does. Also, she aims at getting the highest score among her classmates. Vivian has a ________ behavior pattern.

Type A

Jane is a calm and composed person who believes in working patiently. She hates the idea of employees working aggressively to win more incentives than their coworkers. She is cooperative with her coworkers and helps them whenever they are in need. Jane is a ________ individual.

Type B

Martha has a cooperative nature and is an excellent team manager. She is well-liked by her team members as she is not aggressive and is patient with new recruits. Martha most likely has a ________ personality.

Type B

Neil, a team lead in an advertising firm, is a harmonious person who provides constant support to his teammates without any hassles, is cooperative, and patient. Neil is most likely a ________ personality.

Type B

Patrick is nonaggressive and avoids confrontation if he can help it. He is also patient and not very competitive. Patrick most likely has a ________ personality.

Type B

June has a very negative outlook on life. She is always distressed and anxious. June is most likely a ________ personality.

Type D

Twenty-year-old Shynara has been smoking since she was 12 and wants to quit.While no method is foolproof, the most successful avenue for breaking the addiction is often

a combination of methods.

Which of the following typically characterizes the Type B behavior pattern?

a cooperative and nonaggressive manner

A 1988 study conducted by Lehman and Taylor reports that California students living in dormitories, close to areas of geological fault, unlikely to withstand an earthquake were more likely to doubt earthquake predictions than were students living in safer structures. This example best illustrates

a defense mechanism.

Which of the following stressors is an example of a cataclysmic event?

a flash flood

A fundamental premise of the general adaptation syndrome is that

a stressor produces the same physical symptoms in all people.

A surge in ________ caused by severe emotional distress may contribute to one's risk of a heart attack.

adrenaline

A(n) ________ activity is defined as one that increases heart rate and lung functioning.

aerobic

When a rat is first introduced to an overcrowded cage, it will likely enter the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

alarm

You walk into your biology class and unexpectedly see a quiz waiting for you on your desk. If you are not prepared for the quiz, you are likely to experience the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

alarm

Research shows that winning the lottery usually leads to

an initial surge in happiness, followed by a slow return to previous levels.

In proactive coping, people

anticipate and try to head off stress before encountering it.

Which of the following is supposed to be the most successful method of quitting smoking?

attending counseling, along with using nicotine replacement patches or gums

Peter has to cancel a vacation with his wife because of work. He is stressed and worried about how his wife might react to the news when he gets home from work. He decides to go to a pub after work and gets drunk. In the context of coping with stress, Peter employs

avoidant coping.

Maria has been living with her boyfriend Sam for the last 5 years. Maria is unhappy because they do not spend as much time together as they used to at the beginning of their relationship. She thinks Sam works long hours and trivializes her concerns about their relationship. In the context of the types of stressors, Maria's relationship is most likely to be a(n) ________ in her life.

background stressor

Misplacing one's keys illustrates a

background stressor.

Sally was irritated as her cell phone got switched off due to low battery. This is an example of a

background stressor.

The general adaptation syndrome refers to the

body's response to stressors.

A plane hijacking is an example of a

cataclysmic event.

Posttraumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, may result from

cataclysmic events and severe personal stressors.

"Don't wait for the storm to pass— learn to dance in the rain," exhorts an inspirational poster you notice in an office. This quote most directly relates to the ________ component of hardiness.

challenge

In the long term, the most effective means of reducing smoking may be

changes in societal norms and attitudes toward the habit.

If Jason decides that the snake he sees is dangerous, he has made a

cognitive appraisal.

Learned helplessness occurs when people

conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled.

Efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress are known as

coping.

Jennie's father comes home after a long day of work and has a couple of strong drinks to help him relax. His motive for drinking would be characterized as

coping.

Which of the following hormones is released when people confront devastating situations?

cortisol

Blythe takes the medication prescribed by her doctor. However, she takes an increased dose and combines the drug with other medications based on her past experience. Blythe is practicing

creative nonadherence.

Natasha has a fever, so her doctor prescribes her antibiotics for three days. She starts feeling better with the first dose. By the second day, she feels fine and decides not to have the antibiotics on the third day. In the context of following medical advice, Natasha's behavior is an example of

creative nonadherence.

Smoking contributes to all of the following EXCEPT

death from accidents.

Which of the following refers to unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others?

defense mechanisms

Eve was stressed as she had got transferred to Italy. She decided to look at the brighter side of her relocation by telling herself that it will be a new experience, that she will be able to meet different people, and see new places. Eve is displaying ________ coping.

emotion-focused

Following an ugly confrontation with a coworker, Simon seeks sympathy from his friends. Simon is practicing ________ coping.

emotion-focused

If you are managing your problem as opposed to confronting your problem, you are engaged in ________ coping.

emotion-focused

According to the general adaptation syndrome, possible serious biological damage may occur during the ________ stage.

exhaustion

After a long week of final exams is over, many students end up getting sick the following week. This is most likely an illustration of the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion

At which stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation model (GAS) are individuals most likely to show negative consequences of stress?

exhaustion

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome model is correctly matched with an example?

exhaustion—coming down with a bad cold the day after you hand in the political science paper

Mick is a dedicated basketball player who believes in cultivating his sports skills by competing with others. He always feels driven to practice and improve his techniques of shooting, passing, and rebounding. Also, he is extremely patient and cooperative when he teaches the technique to his teammates. Mick's behavior

falls between Type A and Type B behavior patterns.

There is a distinct physiological pattern that emerges when people are exposed to strong and prolonged stress. Hans Selye labeled this response pattern the

general adaptation syndrome.

Which of the following would qualify as an example of a background stressor?

getting irritated because one is stuck in a huge traffic jam

Most people think that they are ________ famous people like Oprah Winfrey.

happier than

Mark is excited about the big presentation he is going to give the board of directors this morning. Although he stayed up most of the night perfecting the presentation, he feels energized and ready to go. Mark is exhibiting

hardiness.

Lifestyle choices, behaviors, and psychological characteristics are the main focus of ________ psychology.

health

Shirley is talking to a group of third graders about the importance of drinking plenty of water every day. She is focused on

health promotion.

Sheila is a happy person and considers herself more intelligent than the average person. She is extroverted and gets along well with other people. She is most likely to

hold a moderately inflated view of herself.

The component of the Type A pattern most strongly linked to coronary heart disease is that of

hostility.

According to the text, a key element in predicting whether Barry will change his drinking behavior is

how ready he is to change the behavior.

The body system that plays the greatest role in Selye's GAS is called the

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Some health psychologists have criticized the general adaptation syndrome because

it does not take into account how an individual interprets or appraises a stressful event.

People sometimes stop even trying to cope with stress if they feel that they have no control over the bad things that happen to them. This state is referred to as

learned helplessness.