Ch 16, 17, 18

Which of the following scenarios could result in HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn)?

B-negative female pregnant with an AB-positive baby

Which of the following is NOT a difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle?

Cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction; skeletal muscle does.

A patient has a suspected electrolyte imbalance, what blood test would reveal an electrolyte imbalance?

Comprehensive Medical Panel (CMP

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema?

Cushing's syndrome Cushing's syndrome is a pathology of glucocorticoid excess. It is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema.

Choose the incompatible transfusion.

Donate type B blood to a recipient with type O blood.

The right side of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump.

False

The role of the chordae tendineae is to open the AV valves at the appropriate time.

False

Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

False Prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations would result in down-regulation (not up-regulation), which involves a decrease in the number of receptors for that hormone. Down-regulation desensitizes the target cells, so they respond less vigorously to hormonal stimulation, preventing them from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids.

False Steroid hormones are lipid-based hormones synthesized from cholesterol.

The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland.

False The anterior pituitary has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland" because many of the numerous hormones it produces regulate the activity of other endocrine glands. In recent years, however, it has been dethroned by the hypothalamus, which is now known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary.

Water-soluble hormones are inactivated and removed from the blood by the liver.

False Water-soluble hormones are rapidly removed from the blood by the kidneys.

The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release catecholamines during a stress response.

False The adrenal medulla can be thought of as an extension of the sympathetic nervous system. In response to short-term stress, the hypothalamus sends neural signals along preganglionic sympathetic axons to the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, triggering their release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

Choose the statement that is true concerning hemoglobin.

It is composed of four protein chains and four heme groups.

Which of the following represents a difference between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways?

One is faster than the other.

As your skeletal muscles contract during physical activity, more blood is returned to the heart. Which variable would be affected and what would be the outcome of this action?

Preload would be increased, which would result in a larger cardiac output.

Electrical impulses pass through the conduction system of the heart in the following sequence:

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

What would happen to the SA node if a chemical blocker was used to reduce transport of Na+ into the pacemaker cells?

The SA node would depolarize more slowly, reducing the heart rate.

Which description of the heart or its coverings is INCORRECT?

The parietal layer of the serous pericardium is also known as the epicardium of the heart wall.

Which statement is correct regarding the ventricles?

The right ventricle empties into the pulmonary trunk.

Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands?

They use ducts to secrete their products into the surrounding tissue fluid.

Increasing end-diastolic volume (EDV) or end-systolic volume (ESV) will increase stroke volume.

True

People with Type AB blood are considered "universal recipients" because they lack agglutinogens on their RBCs.

True

Second messenger signaling systems produce small but rapid target cell effects.

True The main benefit of second messenger systems is the amplification of the hormonal signal. A single hormone binding to a receptor on the cell surface can generate thousands of second messengers inside of the cell, which in turn can affect millions of proteins, producing a huge cellular response. Given the numerous steps involved, these pathways sacrifice speed of response for magnitude of response.

Which of the following is characteristic of water-soluble hormones?

acting through second messengers at their target cells Water-soluble hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular second messengers generated when the hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane.

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

adenoid Pharyngeal tonsils, when enlarged, are commonly called adenoids. They are lymphoid tissue, not endocrine glands.

Secretion of __________ is increased in response to stress.

adrenocorticotropic hormone Stress is the primary trigger for the secretion of CRH from the hypothalamus, which in turn signals the anterior pituitary to secrete more adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which targets the adrenal cortex to promote the release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids elevate blood nutrient levels and blood pressure to ensure adequate nutrient delivery to the body during a prolonged stress response.

Which of the following is NOT a formed element in whole blood?

albumin

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration?

antidiuretic hormone As blood volume and pressure drop, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion increases. ADH signals the kidney tubules to reabsorb and conserve water, resulting in small volumes of highly concentrated urine. Along with consuming water, this helps the body avoid dehydration.

The P wave on an electrocardiogram represents __________.

atrial depolarization

Which vessel carries blood from the anterior surface of the left ventricle to its posterior surface?

circumflex artery

The first heart sound (the "lub" of the "lub-dup") is caused by __________.

closure of the atrioventricular valves

Which of the following would increase cardiac output?

epinephrine

Which of the formed elements is present in the greatest concentration?

erythrocytes

Which of the following would NOT lead to a bleeding disorder?

excess calcium in the diet

Which of these is a condition marked by premature ventricular contraction?

extrasystole

Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to clotting?

fibrinogen

Which of the following plasma proteins is improperly matched with its function?

gamma globulins: lipid transport

Which of the following does NOT stimulate erythrocyte production?

hyperventilating

On a blood smear slide prepared using Wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a U-shaped nucleus and pale-blue cytoplasm. This cell is most likely a(n) __________.

monocyte

Which of the following is NOT a normal characteristic of blood?

more viscous than water

Which granular leukocytes act as our body's bacteria killers and would dramatically increase in number during a bacterial infection?

neutrophils

Which gland secretes the most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood?

parathyroid Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the single most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood. Falling blood Ca2+ levels trigger PTH release, and rising blood Ca2+ levels inhibit its release. PTH promotes bone resorption to release Ca2+ into the blood, inhibits excretion of Ca2+ in the urine, and stimulates the synthesis of Calcitriol, which in turn increases absorption of Ca2+ from our diet.

Which of the following anemias is correctly matched with its description?

pernicious anemia: results from a vitamin B12 deficiency

Which step of hemostasis involves activation of formed elements in the blood?

platelet plug formation

Which hormone stimulates mammary glands to produce milk in nursing mothers?

prolactin Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands of the nursing mother to produce milk. After birth, the infant's suckling stimulates release of prolactin-releasing factors in the mother, encouraging continued milk production.

Which of the following does NOT deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart?

pulmonary veins

Which of the following terms is correctly matched to its description?

quiescent period: period of total heart relaxation

__________ is caused by a genetic mutation that results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin. Under low-oxygen conditions, the abnormal beta chains link together and form stiff rods that alter the shape of the RBCs.

sickle-cell anemia

Hemostasis is important for __________.

stoppage of bleeding

Which of the following occurs in situations where different hormones produce the same effects at the same target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

synergism Synergism occurs when more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified. For example, let's say both hormone "A" and hormone "B" cause the liver to release glucose into the blood. When they act together, the amount of glucose released might be 150% of what is released if each hormone acts independently.

What determines whether a particular cell is able to respond to a hormone?

the presence of a specific hormone receptor Any cell that has a specific receptor for a specific hormone is a target cell of that hormone. Binding of the hormone to the receptor triggers a response from the target cell.

What factor stimulates platelet formation?

thrombopoietin

The __________ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

tricuspid

The various hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulate the secretion of hormones from other endocrine organs are called __________.

tropins Four of the six anterior pituitary hormones—thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin), follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (gonadotropins)—are tropins (tropic hormones) that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands.