Ch. 16 questions

During a 4-week taper, normal training load is typically decreased by ___% each week

40

As certain athletes prepare for major competition, coaches reduce training intensity and volume over a 4- to 28-day _____________, although some coaches may go even longer

??

One of the most effective Earth-bound ways to simulate the physiological effects that a 0 g environment would have on the body is to conduct ___________ studies.

??

Which of the following is not an adaptation of the cardiovascular system to space flight? a. reductions in stroke volume b. increases in plasma volume c. decreases in red blood cell mass d. reduced blood volume

a. reductions in stroke volume

Overtraining is purely a physiological syndrome. a. True b. False

b. False

Overtraining syndrome has many clear warning signs, but coaches need to be more attentive to them. a. True b. False

b. False

Tapering can often lead to deconditioning and should not be used by athletes. a. True b. False

b. False

Traditional periodization would work best for which athlete? a. gymnast b. basketball player c. marathon runner d. soccer player

c. marathon runner

During rehabilitation from an injury, which of these is best for minimizing muscle atrophy? a. isokinetic training b. eccentric training c. concentric training d. isometric training

d. isometric training

A degree of training that is above and beyond what is needed for peak performance but that cannot be strictly categorized as either overreaching or overtraining is known as _______________

excessive training

_____ leads to a state of stagnated or decreased performance, but eventually the athlete can recover with sufficient rest.

overreaching

Overtraining that is characterized by increased resting heart rate and blood pressure and loss of appetite is likely mediated by the __________________ branch of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic

Aerobic endurance is far more affected by detraining than anaerobic speed and agility. a. True b. False

a. True

If performance briefly suffers and then markedly improves, this is likely the result of overreaching. a. True b. False

a. True

Overtraining syndrome may at times mimic responses to overreaching. a. True b. False

a. True

Periodization is critical to a successful training plan, but the specific mesocycle components do not have an effect on performance. a. True b. False

a. True

Periodization is recommended for those athletes who are prone to overtraining. a. True b. False

a. True

Running for 3 h every day is not the best training strategy for a 400 m runner. a. True b. False

a. True

Training intensity and training volume should be inversely related. a. True b. False

a. True

One of the dangerous effects of excessive cortisol release is a. compromised immune function b. increased resting heart rate c. systemic inflammation d. high blood pressure

a. compromised immune function

Increased HPA axis stimulation would lead to an increase in a. cortisol b. testosterone c. cytokines d. norepinephrine

a. cortisol

Which of the following is an important strategy for endurance athletes to avoid overtraining? a. ensure adequate caloric/carbohydrate intake to replenish glycogen b. ensure adequate electrolyte intake, with salt tablets if necessary c. increase fat intake for extensive energy storage d. increase iron intake to increase oxygen-carrying capacity

a. ensure adequate caloric/carbohydrate intake to replenish glycogen

Which of the following is not a training error that can lead to overtraining? a. one full day without planned exercise per week b. same training plan for 6 months c. competitions every other day for 2 months d. long training sessions in the heat and humidity

a. one full day without planned exercise per week

An average training load, where an athlete stresses the body just enough to improve function and performance, is called __________________

acute overload

Exercise intensity of ______% is necessary for maintaining aerobic capacity. a. 60 b. 70 c. 80 d. 90

b. 70

In the realm of training for sport, more is always better. a. True b. False

b. False

Overreaching and overtraining are synonymous terms. a. True b. False

b. False

Overtraining is easily diagnosed and treated. a. True b. False

b. False

If overreaching is correctly done, performance will a. decrease b. decrease, then increase further c. increase d. increase, then decrease further

b. decrease, then increase further

To build aerobic capacity, which training strategy would be best? a. high volume, high intensity b. high volume, low intensity c. low volume, high intensity d. low volume, low intensity

b. high volume, low intensity

Which of the following systems and functions is largely unaffected by microgravity detraining? a. skeletal b. neurocognitive c. cardiovascular d. muscular

b. neurocognitive

As training volume or intensity continues to increase from normal, a. performance will continue to increase b. performance will likely peak and then eventually decrease c. performance will continue to decrease d. performance will simply plateau

b. performance will likely peak and then eventually decrease

Which of the following is not an example of a general exercise? a. lunges for a fencer b. push-ups for a field hockey player c. squats for a tennis player d. oblique crunches for a runner

b. push-ups for a field hockey player

Significant losses in aerobic capacity occur when training volume is reduced by _____%. a. 33 b. 50 c. 66 d. 75

c. 66

During detraining, muscle endurance decreases due to all of the following factors except a. glycogen content decrease b. oxidative enzyme activity decrease c. glycolytic enzyme activity decrease d. impaired acid-balance regulation

c. glycolytic enzyme activity decrease

Which athlete would lose muscle strength and power fastest with detraining? a. untrained individuals b. previously untrained novice weightlifters c. highly trained, experienced weightlifters d. elderly weightlifters

c. highly trained, experienced weightlifters

All of the following are true about tapering except a. ranges from 4 to 28 days b. allows time for muscles to repair c. may cause small decreases in V02 max d. allows for restoration of energy reserves

c. may cause small decreases in V02 max

The unexplained, and often chronic, decline in performance and overall health that stems from overly intense training is called a. overreaching b. acute overload c. overtraining d. overuse injury

c. overtraining

Which of these is an unhealthy degree of training? a. acute overload b. undertraining c. overtraining

c. overtraining

Tapering would be most effective and appropriate for a. professional baseball players b. professional basketball players c. professional track-and-field athletes d. professional football players

c. professional track-and-field athletes

According to one model of overtraining syndrome, _______________ released from immune cells may instigate a positive feedback cycle that perpetuates the syndrome.

cytokines

Severe overtraining syndrome can take ____________ of rest to resolve and heal fully. a. 1 to 2 days b. 5 to 7 days c. 1 to 2 weeks d. a month or more

d. a month or more

To avoid overtraining syndrome, a given period of intense training should be followed by a. 1 to 2 days of easy training b. 1 to 2 weeks of easy training c. a week of total rest d. a similar length of easy training

d. a similar length of easy training

Which of these is not a primary symptom of overtraining syndrome? a. change in appetite b. mood disturbances c. lack of mental focus d. enhanced desire to train

d. enhanced desire to train

The J-shaped curve associated with exercise and immune function suggests that a. sedentary people are less susceptible to illness than exercisers b. moderate exercisers are more susceptible to exercise than sedentary people c. overtrained individuals have greater immune function than sedentary people d. moderate exercise is associated with the greatest immune function

d. moderate exercise is associated with the greatest immune function

Which blood biomarker would likely be increased with overtraining syndrome? a. Na+ b. bicarbonate c. glucose d. urea

d. urea

__________ is the partial or complete loss of training-induced adaptations due to a significant decrease or cessation in training

detraining

One of the most obvious consequences of detraining is a decrease in skeletal muscle size, known as _______________

hypertrophy

When stressors initiate a purely endocrine response starting at the hypothalamus, this pathway is known as the _________________________________ axis

hypothalamic pituitary

In addition to the nervous and endocrine systems, the __________ system is also postulated to play a key role in the onset of overtraining syndrome

immune

If a sprint-type athlete overtrains by making resistance and anaerobic workouts too intense (but not too long), some authorities would call this ________________ overtraining

intensity related

The two major sources of stress that appear to contribute to the development of overtraining syndrome are physical overload and __________________ overload

mental

_____________ are the white blood cells responsible for the excessive cytokine release associated with overtraining syndrome

monocytes

Training to the point where an athlete experiences physiological maladaptations and chronic performance decrements is known as _________________.

optimizing training

_______________ involves brief periods of heavy overload training without adequate recovery that exceed an athlete's adaptive capacity but ultimately yield improved performance.

overreaching

___________________ is a collection of symptoms that arise from overtraining.

overtraining syndrome

According to the principle of __________________, training should always alternate easy, moderate, and hard periods of training to minimize the risk of overtraining.

periodization

The dizziness and fainting that many astronauts experience when they return to the 1 g environment of Earth is called _________________________

space motion sickness

Overtraining that is characterized by decreased resting heart rate and blood pressure and early fatigue is likely mediated by the _____________________ branch of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic

When stressors initiate a neuroendocrine physiological response starting at the hypothalamus, this pathway is known as the ____________________________ axis.

system neuroendocrine axis

____________ is a practice that involves decreasing training intensity and volume in anticipation of a major competitive event

tapering

The ______________________ ratio serves as an index of anabolic regulation in the body, and changes in it may be a cause of overtraining syndrome

testosterone cortisol

The principle of _________________ implies that endurance performance will not be enhanced by sprint training, nor will anaerobic performance benefit from high-volume, low-intensity training.

training specificity

The intensity of training that an athlete would undertake in the off-season would be categorized as ____________

undertraining

If an endurance athlete overtrains with excessively long workouts (duration or distance) but very little anaerobic or resistance work, this would be called ____________________ overtraining

volume related