Ch 16 Senses

General region

A large receptive field detects only the _________ ________ of a stimulus.

No

Are all stimuli sensations?

Tonic

Are proprioceptors tonic or phasic?

50

At what age does the sense of taste begin to diminish?

Olfactory bulbs

Axons of olfactory nerves synapse with secondary neurons in the ________ _________ which are located on the inferior side of the frontal lobes of the brain.

Tonic receptors

Do tonic or phasic receptors provide your sense of equilibrium (balance)?

Somatic

Do visceral or somatic stimuli become sensation?

No

Does sensory information to the brainstem and hypothalamus become sensations?

Distribution, origin, modality

Each receptor belongs to 3 clubs (classification criteria) based on receptor __________, stimulus __________, and ___________ of stimulus.

Receptive field

Each receptor has a territory, a region of the body that it detects stimuli from. This territory is called a _______ _________

Somatic

General receptors found in the skin and joints, muscles, and tendons that provide sensory information that can become a sensation are ____________ sensory receptors

Visceral

General receptors found in the walls of organs that respond to temperature, chemicals, stretch, and pain are ___________ sensory receptors

They maintain a resting membrane potential

How are receptors like neurons and muscles?

Less sensitive and developed

How does human olfaction compare to other animals?

Visceral Nociceptors

If the tissue of an organ is deprived of oxygen, over stretched, or suffering trauma it will stimulate the _________ ____________.

Phasic

Is smell phasic or tonic?

Gustation, olfaction, vision, audition, equilibrium

Name the 5 special senses.

1. Olfactory tract 2. olfactory bulb 3. olfactory nerves 4. nasal conchae

Name the numbered structures

Receptor proteins

Odorant molecules bind to __________ __________ on olfactory hairs and generate a nerve impulse.

Special

Of general and special senses, which is housed in complex organs of the head?

Replaced

Olfactory receptor cells are one of the few neuronal types that are __________

Liver or gallbladder

Pain in the skin of the right cervical region may indicate a problem with the . . .

Adaptation

Phasic receptors lose their sensitivity to a continuously applied stimulus. This is called _________

Modality, stimulus, sensation

Receptors are transducers that have __________ gated channels. These channels open in response to a _________ to allow the movement of ions and depolarize the receptor, generating an electric nerve signal that travels to the CNS. If this signal makes it to the cerebral cortex it will become a __________.

Stimuli

Receptors detect changes in both the internal and external environment. These changes are called . . .

Skin, viscera

Receptors for general senses are distributed throughout the _________ and ___________.

Simple

Receptors for general senses are usually __________ in structure.

Ascending tracts within the spinal cord

Referred pain occurs because cutaneous and visceral sensory neurons use the same . . .

Olfactory tracts

Secondary neuron axons from the olfactory bulb form the ________ _______ that run along the inferior side of the brain.

Exact location

Small receptive fields allow us to identify the _________ _________ of a stimulus.

Thalamus

Smell is different from other sensory information in that it is not filtered through the __________.

Body surface and skeletal muscles

Somatic nociceptors detect chemical, heat, or mechanical damage to the

Gustatory

Taste buds are structures on the tongue that house taste receptors called ___________ cells.

Tongue and soft palate

Taste buds occur on the ________ and _________ __________

Ethmoid

The nerve signal for smell travels in the olfactory nerves through the cribiform plate of the __________ bone.

No

The neurons of the heart share a spinal ascending tract with the neurons of the medial side of the left arm. During a heart attack, the left arm hurts. Is the left arm sending pain signals?

Hypothalamus

The olfactory tracts also send smell information to the __________ which gives you visceral reactions to the smell such as salivating, sneezing, or gagging.

General and special

The two types of receptor distribution are ___________ and ___________

The molecules that are detected for the sense of smell

What are odorants?

Skin

Which organ contains tactile receptors?

Olfaction and gustation

Which senses use chemoreceptors?

Phasic receptors

Which type of receptor detect a change in stimulus or a new stimulus?

Baroreceptors

Which type of receptor detects your blood pressure and lets you know when your bladder is full?

Tactile

Which type of receptor is the most numerous in the body?

Tonic receptors

Which type of receptors continuously respond to stimuli?

30

Who has a better sense of smell, someone who is 30 or someone who is 80?

Would use too much energy to have all those extra receptors and require too much surface area

Why not have all receptive fields small?

Amygdala

In addition to the primary olfactory cortex, the olfactory tracts also transmit smell information to the _________ where smells are associated with emotions and stored together in the memory.

Dissolved in the aqueous environment

In order for a chemoreceptor to detect a chemical, it must be

An internal organ/viscera

In referred pain, what is the actual source of the pain?

Dermatome of the skin

In referred pain, where is the pain perceived to be coming from?

Exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors

What are the 3 classifications based on stimulus origin?

Papillae

What are the bumps you see on your tongue?

Change or new stimulus

What do phasic receptors detect?

Respond to a stimulus and initiate sensory input to the CNS

What do receptors do?

Touch, pressure, vibration

What do tactile receptors respond to?

Changes in temperature

What do thermoreceptors detect?

interoceptors

What do you call receptors that detect stimuli that is located in the internal organs?

Stimulus

What does a modality channel open in response to?

Mechanoreceptor

Which modality group do tactile receptors belong to?

Changes in the internal or external environment that are detected by receptors

What are stimuli?

Taste producing molecules in food

What are tastants?

Changes one form of energy into another

What does a transducer do?

Electrical nerve signal

What form of energy do receptors transform stimuli into?

Conscious awareness of sensory information

What is a sensation?

7 to 10 days

What is the lifespan of a gustatory cell?

Receptor

What is the name of a structure that responds to a stimulus and initiates sensory input to the CNS?

Modality gated channels

What kind of channels do receptors use to change their polarity and initiate a nerve signal?

Dissolve in the mucus of the nasal cavity

What must odorants do to be detected?

Taste buds

What structures are located along the sides of the papillae?

Equilibrium

What term refers to the sense of balance?

Audition

What term refers to the sense of hearing?

Vision

What term refers to the sense of sight?

Olfaction

What term refers to the sense of smell?

Gustation

What term refers to the sense of taste?

Modality

When you classify a receptor according to its __________, you classify it based on the type of stimulus it responds to, such as sound waves, temperature, chemicals, etc.

Adaptation

When you first put on perfume/cologne you notice the smell, but then after a while you no longer notice it. This is because your phasic receptors have undergone __________ and become less sensitive to the stimulus.

Phasic

When you first put your sunglasses on you notice the feel of them, but after a while you no longer notice them. This is because your __________ receptors have undergone adaption.

In the head

Where are special senses located?

External environment

Where do exteroceptors detect stimuli from?

Muscles, tendons, and joints

Where do proprioceptors detect stimuli from?

Skin and hypothalamus

Where in the body do thermoreceptors occur?

Internal organs

Where is the stimuli that is detected by interoceptors?

Tactile receptors

Which mechanoreceptor is found in the dermis and subcutaneous layer and responds to touch, pressure, and vibration?

Mechanoreceptors

Which modality are most of the receptors in the skin and the receptors in the ear?

Baroreceptors

Which modality of receptor detects changes in stretch?

Mechanorecptors

Which modality of receptors responds to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch?

Eye

Which organ contains photorecptors?

Temporal lobe

Which part of the brain contains the primary olfactory cortex and receives signals from the olfactory tracts?

Cerebral cortex

Which part of the brain must a stimulus reach in order to become a sensation?

Baroreceptors

Which receptor branches repeatedly in the elastic layers of an organ or blood vessel?

Chemoreceptors

Which receptor type by modality includes your sense of taste, sense of smell, and monitoring of your blood composition?

Photoreceptors

Which receptors are found only in the eye and detect light?

Chemoreceptors

Which receptors detect chemicals or specific molecules that are dissolved in fluid?

Proprioceptors

Which receptors detect your body movement and position?

Thermoreceptors

Which receptors respond to changes in temperature

Nociceptors

Which receptors respond to pain?

Decreases

With age, the rate of olfactory cell replacement ____________, resulting in a lessened sense of smell

Food, other people, potential danger

You use olfaction to gain information about

Exteroceptors

Your skin detects the outside temperature, your olfactory cells detect molecules in the air, and receptors in your ears detect sound waves in the air. Which stimulus origin classification do these receptors belong to?