Ch 16 - The Brain
Identify the passageway found in the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles.
Central canal
Where is the arbor vitae located?
Cerebellum
Which of the following areas of the brain adjust the output of other somatic motor centers in the central nervous system?
Cerebellum
Which passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles?
Cerebral aqueduct
Which of the following is a correct statement?
Cerebrospinal fluid enters the venous circulation through the arachnoid granulations.
Which region of the brain contains gyri and sulci?
Cerebrum
Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness?
Cerebrum
What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
What type of tissue makes up the cerebral cortex?
Gray matter
Damage to which cranial nerve(s) would reduce a person's ability to taste salty and sweet foods?
VII, IX, X
Special sensory information for balance travels on cranial nerve ________.
VIII
Which cranial nerve is associated with balance?
VIII
If a tumor were growing on the hypothalamus, it is possible that you would be able to detect __________.
altered levels of pituitary hormones
the precentral gyrus forms the
anterior margin of central sulcus
Which white matter fibers connect adjacent gyri?
arcuate fibers
compounds that diffuse passively across the blood-brain barrier
are lipid soluble
Association areas of the cortex
are typically larger than the primary sensory or motor regions.
The pia mater is anchored to the surface of the brain by the processes of which glial cells?
astrocytes
The largest region of the brain, and the region where all conscious thought processes and intellectual functions originate, is the ________.
cerebrum
the telencephalon becomes the
cerebrum
The area of the brain where memory is processed and stored is the
cerebrum.
Which structure is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid?
choroid plexus
Which ventricle is located within the brain stem?
fourth ventricle
The largest cerebral lobe is the ________ lobe.
frontal
In which area is the speech center (Broca's area) usually located?
frontal lobe
The primary motor area is part of (the)
frontal lobe
There is a constant flow of materials through the blood-brain barrier into the neural interstitial spaces because neurons have a large and constant need for what substance?
glucose
The trigeminal nerve
has motor neurons that originate on the pons.
if dr. taylor's stroke involved a blood clot in a similar location in her right hemisphere instead of her left hemisphere,
her left arm would be paralyzed, but she would retain her language and math skills
The fornix
links the hippocampus with the hypothalamus.
If Jamie is sitting and studying with her left leg crossed over her right, her right leg muscles are sending messages to the brain to inform it of the leg's position. These impulses terminate in the ___________________.
right cerebellar cortex
Which of the following is NOT a function of the limbic system?
regulating the control of fine motor movements
Thalamic nuclei function to
relay sensory information to the cerebral nuclei and cerebral cortex.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the specialized ependymal cells that form the choroid plexus?
removal of pathogenic bacteria from the cerebrospinal fluid
The activity of which structure(s) is regulated by inputs from apneustic and pneumotaxic centers of the pons?
respiratory rhythmicity centers
If the trochlear nerve of the right eye were damaged, which movement would the person be unable to make?
rolling the eye down and to the right (laterally)
a neuron that ascends the spinal cord or brain stem and usually ends in the thalamus is a(n)
second-order neuron
The parietal lobe is primarily used for
sensory functions.
We can distinguish between sensations that originate in different areas of the body because
sensory neurons from each body region synapse in specific brain regions.
the medial partition between the lateral ventricles is (the)
septum
the thalamus ______________
serves as a final relay point for sending sensory information to the cerebral cortex
Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect
voluntary motor control.
Damage to a choroid plexus would affect __________.
-the levels of CSF in the ventricles -the amount of CSF passing through the arachnoid granulations -the composition of the CSF in terms of waste and nutrient levels
How many regions make up the brain stem?
3
The meninges consist of ___ layers.
3
Which of the following regions cannot be observed superficially?
Diencephalon
Which of the following is the outer layer of the meninges?
Dura mater
Which is NOT a factor in the formation of the blood-brain barrier?
Endothelial cells of the capillaries contain large gaps between the cells
Which cranial nerve lies medial to the vagus nerve?
Hypoglossal
Which of the following areas of the brain provide a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Which cranial nerves are responsible for all aspects of eye function?
II, III, IV, V, VI
Cranial nerves that have autonomic components include
III, VII, IX, X.
Swelling of the jugular vein as it leaves the skull could compress which of the following cranial nerves?
IX, X, XI
Which of the following structures attach the pituitary gland to the brain?
Infundibulum
Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum?
Lateral ventricles
Which ventricles are divided by the septum pellucidum?
Lateral ventricles
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus. In which of the following regions can cerebrospinal fluid be made?
Lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle
Which of the following landmarks divides the cerebrum in half?
Longitudinal fissure
Where are the autonomic reflex centers for heart rate and breathing?
Medulla oblongata
Which area of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
Name the membranous encasement surrounding the brain.
Meninges
Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina?
Midbrain
Which cranial nerves have special sensory functions?
N I, II, VIII
The mesencephalon contains nuclei associated with which cranial nerves?
N III, IV
sensory and motor nuclei for which cranial nerves exist in the pons?
N V, N VI, N VII, N VIII
The lateral rectus muscle is innervated by which cranial nerve?
N VI
The external branch of ________ controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of the neck and back.
N XI
Identify cranial nerve I.
Olfactory nerve
Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side?
Optic chiasm
Which of the following glands can be observed on the ventral surface of the sheep brain?
Pituitary gland
Which of the following is NOT part of the frontal lobe?
Postcentral gyrus
What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section?
Superior colliculus
Which of the following areas form the central core of the brain?
Thalamus
Which of the following is true of the dura mater?
The outer (endosteal) layer is fused to the periosteum of the cranial bones.
Which of the following apply to the cranial nerves?
They are components of the PNS that connect to the brain.
In which ways do the olfactory nerves (N I) differ from the other cranial nerves?
They are made up of many small, slender fibers that pass through openings in the skull.
What is the function of white matter?
Transmits messages
Which of the following landmarks separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
Transverse fissure
Which cranial nerves have their nuclei housed in the pons?
V, VI, VII, VIII
Which is the only cranial nerve to leave the head and neck region?
X
The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles are innervated by which cranial nerve?
XI
Parkinson's disease results from __________.
a decreased level of dopamine in the basal ganglia, which affects the substantia nigra
Damage to the posterior portion of the frontal lobe could result in
a loss of movement of your leg.
When the blood supply to a portion of the brain is cut off, the resulting damage is called
a stroke.
Cranial nerves (CN) III, IV, and VI innervate the six skeletal muscles that move the eye. These nerves are the
abducens, trochlear, and oculomotor.
Arachnoid granulations
absorb CSF into the venous circulation.
Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT innervate the tongue?
accessory (XI)
the general interpretive center
allows us to interpret what we read or hear
the term subdural hematoma refers to blood accumulation
between the layers of the dura
The neural tissue in the CNS is isolated from the general circulation by the ________.
blood-brain barrier
Which organ contains 95 percent of the neural tissue in the body?
brain
In comparison to a second- or third-order neuron, a first-order neuron __________.
can be located outside the CNS
The cardiovascular centers of the medulla oblongata may be subdivided into ________.
cardiac and vasomotor
Within the medulla oblongata, heart rate and force of contraction are regulated in the
cardiac centers
What is the large groove that separates the frontal lobe of the cerebrum from the more posterior parietal lobe?
central sulcus
the groove between the frontral and parietal lobes of the brain is the
central sulcus
When riding a rollercoaster, Jan always closes her eyes. However, she can tell when she is going upside down or in a corkscrew motion. What brain structure is responsible for detecting body position?
cerebellum
which structure automatically adjusts motor activities on the basis of sensory information and memories of learned patterns of movement?
cerebellum
Components of the metencephalon include the
cerebellum and pons.
Which structure connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle?
cerebral aqueduct
Conscious thought processes and all intellectual functions originate in (the)
cerebral hemispheres.
The primary motor cortex is connected with motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord, and ascending sensory information is carried to the thalamus by (the)
cerebral peduncles.
The ventricles of the brain are filled with __________.
cerebrospinal fluid
The substance that surrounds the brain and is very similar to blood plasma minus proteins is
cerebrospinal fluid.
The largest region of the brain is (the)
cerebrum
The arbor vitae __________.
contains axons of the Purkinje cells
Unlike the cerebrum, the cerebellum __________.
contains specialized Purkinje cells.
The parietal lobe
contains the primary sensory cortex.
The motor pathways of the autonomic nervous system
control visceral effectors, such as smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.
The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemispheres is the ________.
corpus callosum
Crossover of information between cerebral hemispheres occurs through the
corpus callosum.
Where would you expect to find CNS damage in a person who displays inability to control eye movements, facial expressions, tongue position, and some of the superficial neck and upper back muscles?
corticobulbar tracts
The ________ acts as a roof over the cranial blood vessels.
cranial arachnoid mater
The olfactory nerves exit the cranium through the
cribriform plate.
Motor pathways ________ the spinal cord.
descend
The inferior portion of the prosencephalon becomes the
diencephalon
Together the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus are called the
diencephalon
Which structure contains the hypothalamus?
diencephalon
When CSF exits the third ventricle, it then flows to the ___________ ventricle.
fourth
The meningeal layer of the dura mater does NOT form which of the following structures?
dural sinuses
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid drain from the brain in (the)
dural sinuses.
which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal body?
epithalamus
The limbic system
establishes emotional states and related behavioral drives
(t/f) N VII is the largest cranial nerve.
false
(t/f) The brain is a solid organ that lacks cavities.
false
(t/f) The cerebellum is present on the ventral surface of the sheep brain.
false
(t/f) The facial nerve consists only of sensory fibers.
false
(t/f) Wernicke's area is the motor speech area of the frontal lobe.
false
(t/f) facial nerves control chewing and swallowing
false
(t/f) the pineal body secretes melanocyte simulating hormone (MSH)
false
(t/f)Glossopharyngeal nerves control movements of the tongue.
false
(t/f)The optic nerves pass through the superior orbital fissue.
false
(t/f)The vagus nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal.
false
Which fold of dura mater projects between the cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal fissure and attaches to the crista galli, the internal occipital crest and tentorium cerebelli?
falx cerebri
The extensions of the dura mater that enters the longitudinal fissure is the
falx cerebri.
A cross section is taken from a dorsal root ganglion. Upon observation, it is noted that the section is full of cell bodies. These cell bodies belong to what order of neuron?
first
The mandibular branch of N V pass through the skull by way of the ________.
foramen ovale
The thalamus
forms the walls of the diencephalon around the third ventricle.
Jan is a librarian with a passion for reading Emerson. After a car accident, she finds that when she looks at books, she sees symbols (letters) but cannot recognize them or understand what they mean. What part of her brain has been damaged?
her visual association area
Henry is writing down answers on an exam, recalling facts that he has studied; that is, he is using memory to retrieve information. Which of the following limbic system structures is Henry using?
hippocampus
centers in the _________ adjust and coordinate the activities of autonomic centers in other parts of the brainstem concerned with regulating heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestive functions
hypothalamus
which part of the diencephalon is connected to the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
If a person sustains a head injury and receives damage to cranial nerve VIII, which of the following might the person experience?
inability to hear
The ________ integrate(s) auditory information with the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus.
inferior colliculi
The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the
infundibulum
Which of the following is not one of the functions assigned to the basal nuclei?
initiation of movements of skeletal muscles
Which of the five cerebral lobes isthe one not visible on the surface of the brain?
insula
After flowing through the dural sinuses, CSF and blood flow into (the)
internal jugular vein.
Cerebrospinal fluid can exit the fourth ventricle via all of the following EXCEPT the
interventricular foramen.
Normally, output from the basal nuclei
is involved with the coordination of learned movement patterns.
The choroid plexus
is the site of production of the cerebrospinal fluid.
The primary purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to
isolate the CNS from general circulation.
The septum pellucidum separates the ________.
lateral ventricles
The cerebral hemispheres are separated by (the)
longitudinal fissure.
The control of feeding reflexes (chewing, swallowing) is a function of which structure(s)?
mammillary bodies
The ________ branch of the trigeminal nerve is the largest, and exits the cranium through the foramen ovale.
mandibular
The CSF produced by the choroid plexus reaches the subarachnoid space through two lateral apertures and a single ________ in the roof of the fourth ventricle.
median aperture
another name for the myelencephalon is the
medulla oblongata
the epithalamus controls day and night cycles through the secretion of the hormone
melatonin
the pineal gland secretes ___________
melatonin
The pons extends superiorly from the medulla oblongata to the ________.
mesencephalon
Where is the headquarters of the reticular formation located?
mesencephalon
all of the following are examples of neuroplasticity EXCEPT ___________
muscle paralysis following a stroke
The visual cortex is located in the ________ lobe.
occipital
The only cranial nerve that attaches directly to the cerebrum is the
olfactory
Which area of the cerebral cortex would receive input from sensory receptors in the nose?
olfactory cortex
Which of the following structures of the medulla contain(s) neurons that communicate with the vermis of the cerebellum?
olivary nuclei
Regulating motor output associated with muscle tone is the function of which mesencephalic center?
red nucleus
Which cranial nerve forms a midline connection, allowing fibers to cross to the opposite side of the brain?
optic
The primary somatosensory cortex is found in which cerebral structure?
parietal lobe
The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to which structure?
pituitary gland
The brain region that you would suspect to be damaged in a person who displayed violent or antisocial behavior would be the
prefrontal cortex
A ________ is a motor neuron whose cell body is in the CNS and which will synapse on a cell body in a peripheral ganglion.
preganglionic neuron
If Mahalia consciously feels a deep pressure in her abdomen, this sensation is being processed in what area of the brain?
primary sensory cortex
The hypothalamus does NOT __________.
process visual information before relaying it to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
If Mark decides to raise his hand to wave at his neighbor, the message must start in the primary motor cortex and be transmitted to the cerebellum. What in the white matter is responsible for this message relay?
projection fiber
If Mark decides to raise his hand to wave at his neighbor, the message must start in the primary motor cortex and be transmitted to the cerebellum. What is the white matter responsible for this message relay?
projection fiber
Which unique function of the brain occurs in the postcentral gyrus?
receives primary sensory information of touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature
The ________ carries sensation concerning proprioception.
spinocerebellar tracts
The ________ link the cerebellum with the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum.
superior cerebellar peduncles
In the mesencephalon, integrating visual information with other sensory inputs and initiating involuntary motor responses are functions of the
superior colliculi.
Which structure receives visual input from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus on the ipsilateral side?`
superior colliculus
Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI all exit the cranium through (the)
superior orbital fissure.
Which of the following structures secretes antidiuretic hormone?
supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
The primary gustatory cortex processes information about ________ and is located in the ________.
taste; insula
Which of the following activities is NOT controlled by the cerebrum?
temperature regulation
The ________ is a connective tissue sheet that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
tentorium cerebelli
The fold of dura mater in the transverse fissure is the ________.
tentorium cerebelli
General sensory information on its way to the cerebrum gets processed and relayed from which of the following areas of the brain?
thalamus
The ________ forms the final relay point for ascending sensory information that will be projected to the primary sensory cortex.
thalamus
Which of the following is NOT an endocrine structure found in the brain?
thalamus
which region acts as a relay center for sensory messages ascending to the cerebrum?
thalamus
A cerebrovascular accident occurs when
the blood supply to a portion of the brain is cut off.
in what way is the dura mater of the brain different from the dura mater of the spinal cord?
the dura mater of the brain is made into two separate layers
Structurally, the blood-brain barrier exists because
the endothelial cells lining the CNS are extensively interconnected by tight junctions.
The major function of the superior colliculi includes reflexes involved with
the eyes
Which area of the cerebrum processes our gustatory sensations?
the insula
The pons modifies the respiratory movements that are first controlled by which part of the brain?
the medulla oblongata
Richard has had a stroke. The EMT tells him to raise his right arm. Richard hears the EMT and understands what is being asked of him, but cannot originate the message in his brain to raise his arm. What part of his brain has been affected?
the primary motor cortex
the gyrus posterior to the central sulcus contains neurons of _____________
the primary somatosensory cortex
If damaged or diseased, which part of the brain would make a person unable to control and regulate the rate of respiratory movements?
the respiratory rhythmicity center of the medulla
The central sulcus separates which regions of the cerebrum?
the sensory and motor areas
A first-order neuron is
the sensory neuron that brings information from the receptor to the CNS.
which of the following is true of someone who has suffered a stroke on the left side of the brain?
they do recognize the face of a close family member but are unable to say the person's name
how many major regions are contained within the diencephalon?
three
the mandibular branch is the largest branch of the ______________ nerve
trigeminal
(t/f) All three regions of the brain stem can be observed on the ventral surface of the brain.
true
(t/f) Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles.
true
(t/f) Nuclei in the mesencephalon process visual and auditory information, coordinate and direct reflexive somatic motor responses to these stimuli.
true
(t/f) Olfactory nerves carry information about smell.
true
(t/f) The cerebellar cortex contains huge highly branched Purkinje cells.
true
(t/f) The composition of gray matter includes neuron cell bodies.
true
(t/f) The foramen magnum marks the border between the medulla oblongata and spinal cord.
true
(t/f) The inferior colliculi are part of the corpora quadrigemina.
true
(t/f) The medulla oblongata physically connects the brain with the spinal cord.
true
(t/f) The premotor cortex is located immediately anterior to the primary motor cortex.
true
(t/f) The two cerebral hemispheres have some functional differences, although anatomically they appear to be identical.
true
(t/f) The ventricles are all interconnected.
true
(t/f) the diencephalon is found in between the brain stem and the cerebrum
true
(t/f) white matter has a fatty consistency
true
(t/f)Oculomotor nerves help focus the lens of the eye.
true
The CSF produced by the choroid plexus of the brain circulates through the
ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord
The ________ carries information that controls muscle tone and balance.
vestibulospinal tract
If a person sustains a head injury and the superior colliculi are damaged, which of the following might be impaired?
vision
The occipital lobe contains (the) ________.
visual cortex