Ch. 16 The Oceans, Coastal Processes, and Landforms -- GEOG 1710

Trellis drainage pattern

1) characterizes the valley and ridge province 2) produced by folded topography

Tides

1) complex daily oscillations in sea level 2) influenced by size, depth, & topography of ocean basins 3) influenced by shoreline configuration & latitude 4) produced by gravitational pull of Sun & Moon

2 driving forces of fluvial system

1) insolation 2) gravity

Stream transport involves:

1) saltation 2) suspension 3) traction

Eronsional coastal landforms

1) sea arch 2) wave-cut platform 3) notched cliff

Braided streams are characterized by:

1) sediment deposition in channel resulting in the formation of sand and gravel bars and numerous small channels 2) heavy load in relation to discharge

Continental Divides

1) separate drainage basins 2) send flows to the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantics, Hudson Bay, or Arctic ocean.

Waves in shallow water that "feel bottom" are:

1) taller 2) more closely spaced than the swell they're related to.

What's true about ocean deep zones?

1) water in the zone does not freeze because of the intense pressure exerted by the weight of overlying water 2) water in this zone does not freeze because of its salinity

Depositional coastal landforms

1) wave-built terrace 2) bay barrier 3) barrier spit

Worldwide average salinity

3.5%

Internal drainage basins

Basins that do not reach the ocean, instead their water leaves the basin through evaporation or subsurface gravitational flow.

Why does river discharge usually increase downstream?

Because the area being drained increases.

How is stream discharge calculated?

By multiplying velocity of stream by its width and depth for a specific cross section of the channel.

Rising tides

Flood tides

Rectangular drainage patterns

Form as a result of flow through faulted landscape.

Oxbow Lakwe

Formed when a meandering stream is cutoff.

Do gases dissolve in seawater?

Gases ARE dissolved in seawater.

Littoral Zone

General term for coastal environment.

Hydrograph

Graph of stream discharge over time for a specific place.

Where do most streams flow?

Into the ocean.

Why does a tsunami's height grow as it approaches a coastline?

Its wavelength shortens.

Pacific Ocean

Largest ocean in world in terms of area

Dendritic stream channel

Likely to develop on gently slopping surfaces composed of rocks or sediments with approximately the same resistance to erosion.

Spring tides

Maximum tidal range

Where does brine water tend to occur?

Near landmasses because of freshwater runoff and river discharges.

Does the Amazon River produce a large delta at its mouth?

No

Watershed

Open system

What does the suspended load of a stream consist of?

Particles that are held aloft in the stream flow.

Radial drainage pattern

Produced by central peak, such as volcanic mountain.

Tsunami

Produced by earthquake, submarine landslide, or eruption of undersea volcano.

Parallel drainage pattern

Produced by steep slopes and some relief.

Drainage density

Ratio of total length of channels to area of the basin.

State-discharge rating curve

Relationship between stage and stream discharge.

As evaporation rate decreases,

Salinity increases.

Is seawater a solution?

Seawater IS a solution.

Arctic Ocean

Smallest ocean in world in terms of area

Exotic streams

Streams originate in humid regions and then flow through arid regions. Discharge decreases with distance due to high potential evapotranspiration.

Deranged drainage patterns

Surface drainage patterns that have been disrupted by glacial shield regions of Canada.

Moon's gravitational pull on Earth is greater than that of the Sun's.

TRUE

Salinity

The concentration of dissolved solids in seawater

Which is not true of tides?

They are produced solely by gravitational pull of the Sun.

cfs

Unit of stream discharge that stands for cubic feet per second.

m3 / s

Unit used for stream discharge

What happens as the discharge of a stream increases?

Width, depth, and velocity increase.

Clay

Will be the last sediment deposited as a stream's velocity decreases.

Which of the world's largest rivers has greatest discharge?

Amazon River

Nickpoint

An interruption in a stream's longitudinal profile of equilibrium.

Terrace

An uplift wave-cut platform

Sequence of zones from inland to ocean.

Coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore.

Do elements dissolve in seawater?

Elements DO dissolve in seawater.

Although many elements are dissolved in seawater; no gases are dissolved in it.

FALSE

As the evaporation rate increases, salinity decreases.

FALSE

Brine water tends to occur near coastal deltas.

FALSE

Ebb tides

Falling tides

The length of individual channels in dendritic drainage patterns are minimized resulting in...

increased energy efficiency.

The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to...

decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge.

Drainage divides...

define watersheds.

Strong ocean currents...

do not favor delta formation.

Watersheds are defined by...

drainage divides.

Tectonic uplift of the headwaters...

favors stream terrace formation.

Amazon River...

has the largest discharge of all the largest rivers in the world.

Brine water results from...

high evaporation rates.

Brackish water would most likely occur...

in a deltaic swamp.

The longitudinal profile of most rivers...

is concave in shape.

When Sun, Moon, and Earth are in alignment...

maximum tidal ranges occur.

About 2% of oceanic mass compromise the...

mixing zone of blended solutes and temperatures.

When waves of transition begin to "feel bottom" near the shore,

orbits of the water molecules in the waves become more elliptical, and the process causes breakers to form.