Ch. - 16 The Reproductive System

Primary spermatocytes are __________ whereas spermatids are __________.

2n; n

The primary oocyte has __________ chromosomes and the ovum has __________ chromosomes.

46; 23

What problems do mutations of the BRCA genes cause?

A large percentage (80%) of women who carry the altered gene(s) develop breast cancer.

What do urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis, and orchitis have in common?

All of these conditions can be caused by sexually transmitted infections.

Sperm maturation occurs in which of the following locations?

Epididymis

Name the organs of the male duct system, in order, from the scrotum to the body exterior.

Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra (prostatic, membranous, and spongy regions).

Which ovarian hormone promotes the formation of female secondary sex characteristics?

Estrogen.

How are nonmotile spermatids converted to functional sperm?

Excess cytoplasm is discarded, and what remains is compacted into the head, midpiece, and tail regions. Final maturation processes in the epididymis result in increased motility.

Which anterior pituitary hormone promotes follicle development in the ovary?

FSH promotes follicle development.

Which pituitary hormone stimulates spermatogenesis?

FSH stimulates spermatogenesis.

What is the exocrine product of the ovary?

Female gametes (eggs, or ova).

Which of the following is NOT true about the placenta?

Forms from the inner cell mass

Adolph, a 68-year-old gentleman, has trouble urinating and is given a rectal exam. What is his most probable condition, and what is the purpose of the rectal exam?

His prostate is probably hypertrophied. The prostate is immediately anterior to the rectum and can be examined digitally through the anterior rectal wall.

What hormone produced by the blastocyst causes the glandular corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones to maintain the endometrium?

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Which anterior pituitary hormone causes ovulation?

LH stimulates ovulation.

Which pituitary hormone prompts testosterone production?

Luteinizing hormone stimulates testosterone production.

During embryonic development, ectoderm (one of the three primary germ layers) gives rise to which of the following?

Nervous system

Besides the one functional gamete (ovum), what other cell types are produced during oogenesis, and what happens to them?

Polar bodies are also produced. They deteriorate and die because they lack sustaining cytoplasm.

What are three important functions of progesterone in women?

Progesterone (1) causes the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, (2) helps prepare the breasts for lactation, and (3) helps quiet the uterine muscle to maintain pregnancy.

The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds with which phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle?

Secretory phase

What is an important function of each of these two components of semen—sperm and seminal fluid?

Sperm are male gametes that fertilize the female's "eggs." Seminal fluid serves as a transport medium for sperm and contains various substances that nourish and protect the sperm or aid their movement.

The ovarian cycle describes the monthly events of a post-pubescent ovary that causes a small number of primary follicles to grow, mature, and ovulate each month. What is the order of the events in one ovarian cycle?

Stimulation by FSH Primary oocyte resumes meiosis Maturation into vesicular follicle Ovulation Corpus luteum forms

How does the final product of meiosis differ from the final product of mitosis?

The final product of mitosis is two diploid cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the mother cell. The final product of meiosis is four cells, each with half the normal number of chromosomes (haploid). Genetic variation is introduced by meiosis.

What happens during the proliferative stage of the uterine cycle?

The functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilt.

What is the role of the seminiferous tubules?

The seminiferous tubules produce sperm.

The uterine cycle describes the cyclic changes of thickening and degeneration that the endometrium goes through in a month. What is the order of events in one uterine cycle?

The superficial layer of the endometrium is shed Basal layer of endometrium grows, forms glands and blood vessels Enriched endometrial blood supply Endometrial glands secrete nutrients into uterus

Why are the testes located in the scrotum?

The temperature in the pelvic cavity is too high.

What are the two major functions of the testes?

The testes produce male gametes (sperm) and secrete sex hormones, mainly testosterone.

Which organ of the female duct system serves as an "incubator" for fetal development? What is the most common site of fertilization?

The uterus serves as an incubator. The uterine (fallopian) tubes are the most common site of fertilization.

What is the function of the erectile tissue of the penis?

To make the penis firm by allowing it to fill with blood, so that it can serve as a penetrating device during sexual activity.

What name is given to an ovarian follicle that is ready to ovulate?

Vesicular, or Graafian, follicle.

The soft, vascular mucosal lining of the uterus is the __________.

endometrium

Developing follicles produce __________, which stimulates thickening of the endometrium during each menstrual cycle, the enlargement of female reproductive organs, and breast development in a young woman.

estrogen

When a fetus reaches about day 270 in the womb it is designated __________.

full term

Sex organs called __________ produce sex cells called __________.

gonads; gametes

When ovulation ceases and menstruation has not occurred in a year then a woman is said to have reached __________.

menopause

The rupture of the mature follicle and the release of its contents occur during __________.

ovulation

The temporary organ formed during pregnancy to support proper fetal development is the __________.

placenta

Two hormones produced in the ovaries are __________ and estrogen.

progesterone

During pregnancy the placenta produces __________ and estrogen.

relaxin

The structures inside each testis that produce sperm are called __________.

seminiferous tubules

The spermatic cord contains the __________.

spermatic artery, spermatic vein, spermatic nerve, and ductus deferens

The cells forming the outer layer (i.e., closest to the basement membrane) of the seminiferous tubule are the __________.

spermatogonia

The hormone directly responsible for the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics is called __________.

testosterone

From the ejaculatory duct, sperm can pass directly into the __________.

urethra

The usual site of implantation for the fertilized egg is the __________.

uterus

The milk-producing glands within the mammary glands are called the __________ glands.

alveolar