ch 16

1. Medieval cosmologists, with their view of an Earth-centered universe, were particularly influenced by the teachings of a. Aristotle. b. Ptolemy. c. Galen. d. Plato. e. Ibn Battuta.

Aristotle.

1. The first woman to receive a doctorate degree in philosophy in Italy was a. Laura Bassi. b. Margaret Cavendish. c. Maria Sibylla Merian. d. Elena Cornaro Piscopia. e. Maria Winkelmann.

Elena Cornaro Piscopia

1. Unlike Copernicus, whose work was more theoretical, ________ promoted observation. a. James Ussher b. Tycho Brahe c. Nicolas Steno d. Francis Bacon e. Laura Bassi

Francis Bacon

1. Although Kepler was one of the first to challenge the Ptolemaic system, it was ________ who took his abstract mathematical terms and first put them into the vernacular. a. Brahe b. Galileo c. Copernicus d. Newton e. Descartes

Galileo

1. Expecting that he would be freer to pursue his science as a result of private patronage, ________ left his position at Padua and began to work for the Medici family. a. Kepler b. Brahe c. Newton d. Galileo e. Copernicus

Galileo

1. Which scientist was brought up before the Inquisition for challenging the Ptolemaic model? a. Galileo b. Newton c. Copernicus d. Bacon e. Kepler

Galileo

1. Within the study of astronomy, Isaac Newton is significant for describing a. the laws of gravity. b. the heliocentric model. c. elliptical orbits. d. a supernova. e. the geology of the Moon.

the laws of gravity.

1. Galileo concluded that the Copernican hypothesis was correct after observing a. the rings of Saturn. b. the phases of the Moon. c. irregular, dark markings on Mars. d. the moons of Jupiter. e. a comet.

the moons of Jupiter

1. In the European states, the New Science a. was not discovered outside Poland and Italy until the eighteenth century. b. was encouraged in England and other countries through the establishment of royal societies. c. triggered a rebirth of faith throughout the Continent. d. was suppressed in all Catholic countries, especially in France. e. was privately welcomed but not supported by any national state.

was encouraged in England and other countries through the establishment of royal societies.

1. Copernicus's ideas a. were widely accepted during his lifetime. b. brought him into conflict with the Catholic Church and the Inquisition. c. were the first systematic challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe. d. brought him great wealth. e. saw him rewarded with a prestigious teaching position in Padua.

were the first systematic challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe.

1. One of the leading German astronomers of the seventeenth century was a. Maria Winkelmann. b. Gottfried Leibniz. c. Franz Kirch. d. Hildegard von Bingen. e. Christian Huygens.

Maria Winkelmann

1. Galileo had made improvements on the lens developed by the Dutch for use in telescopes, but some of the earliest work on the nature of how humans see was done by a. Isaac Newton. b. Christian Huygens. c. Galileo Galilei. d. John Locke. e. David Hume.

Christian Huygens

1. Isaac Newton's best-known work today is his research conducted on a. light. b. gravity. c. mathematics. d. refraction. e. electricity.

gravity. c.

1. What did Cartesian philosopher François Poullain de la Barre mean when he declared that "the mind has no sex"? a. He only meant that, anatomically, there was no difference between the brains of men and women. He meant no further implication beyond that. b. He admitted that men and women shared anatomically identical brains but insisted that the pursuit of science was inappropriate for a woman. c. He meant that since women possessed the same brains, nervous systems, and senses as men, it was worth asking why they didn't occupy the same roles in society. d. He was defending the ability of women to reign as monarchs. e. He was defending Laura Bassi from charges of impiety because of her scientific work.

He meant that since women possessed the same brains, nervous systems, and senses as men, it was worth asking why they didn't occupy the same roles in society. d.

1. Declaring that the world was created on October 22, 4004 B.C.E., ________ employed extreme biblical literalism in his effort to date the creation of the world. a. James Ussher b. Athanasius Kircher c. Nicolas Steno d. Robert Hooke e. Galileo

James Ussher

1. ______ became a professor of physics at the University of Bologna after earning her doctorate there in 1733 and went on to join the Academy of Science in Bologna. a. Laura Bassi b. Elena Cornaro Piscopia c. Maria Sibylla Merian d. Margaret Cavendish e. Maria Winkelmann

Laura Bassi

1. Unlike ________, who was a theoretician, Tycho Brahe championed observation. a. Stephen Hawking b. Nicolaus Copernicus c. Johannes Kepler d. Galileo Galilei e. Sir Isaac Newton

Nicolaus Copernicus

1. Which of the following was an ancient scholar whose ideas were relied on by the Catholic Church as a source of "scientific" knowledge in the field of astronomy? a. Vesalius b. Ptolemy c. Galen d.

Ptolemy

1. One of the founders of modern chemistry was the Englishman a. William Harvey. b. Francis Bacon. c. Robert Hooke. d. Robert Boyle. e. John Locke.

Robert Boyle.

1. René Descartes believed he had proven the existence of God through his use of systematic doubt in his book, a. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. b. The Discourse on Method. c. Novum Organum. d. The New Atlantis. e. Two New Sciences.

The Discourse on Method."

1. Which English natural philosopher discovered the cellular structure of plants? a. William Harvey b. Isaac Newton c. Edmund Halley d. Ro bert Hookee. Robert Boyle

d. Robert Hooke

1. Descartes was a forceful advocate of mechanism, a. a view of the universe shared by Ptolemy and Copernicus. b. the belief that machines could answer celestial questions. c. the idea that Aristotelian distinctions between the works of man and those of God could be settled through experimentation and observation. d. a mechanical philosophy that viewed nature as a machine. e. a failed idea that has been largely discredited since the eighteenth century.

a mechanical philosophy that viewed nature as a machine. e.

1. Science entails at least three things: a body of knowledge, a community of practitioners, and a. a lack of religious belief. b. state support. c. a system of inquiry. d. extensive university training. e. access to expensive laboratory equipment.

a system of inquiry.

1. ________'s theory that magnetic forces between the sun and planets kept planets in orbital motion laid the foundation for Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation. a. Johannes Kepler b. Johannes Muller c. Robert Hooke d. Robert Boyle e. Tycho Brahe

a. Johannes Kepler

1. ________ searched for the ideal and perfect structures that they felt must lie behind the "shadows" of the everyday world. a. Neoplatonists b. Humanists c. Muslim scholars d. Greek mathematicians e. Astronomers

a. Neoplatonists

1. Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica (1687) a. was actually written by Edmond Halley, Newton's friend and supporter. b. argued that gravity was a universal force that could be expressed mathematically. c. disproved a heliocentric view of the solar system. d. was a guide to optics. e. was banned by the Church of England.

argued that gravity was a universal force that could be expressed mathematically.

1. Within mathematics, Isaac Newton invented two different sorts of a. geometry. b. algebra. c. imaginary numbers. d. calculus. e. statistical analysis.

calculus.

1. The general European conception of the universe before Copernicus was that a. it was orderly, with Heaven at the center of the universe and the Earth circling around it. b. the Earth revolved around the Sun, which was at the center of the universe. c. the Earth was just one planet among millions that could possibly support life. d. the Earth was at the center and the Heavens circled around it. e. the Earth was one of many planets that revolved around the Sun, which moved through space.

d. the Earth was at the center and the Heavens circled around it.

1. One effect of the work of Isaac Newton was to a. demonstrate the value of persistent, dogged work toward a single goal. b. show that even someone from a poor family could, with sufficient ability, rise to the heights of political life. c. show the value of religious belief when pursuing a career in science. d. demonstrate the ability of mathematics to explain the workings of the universe. e. show the value of meditation and prayer in solving the most persistent scientific problems.

demonstrate the ability of mathematics to explain the workings of the universe.

1. Your textbook suggests that the scientific revolution created a new model of knowledge. In the old model, to learn was to read. In the new model, to learn was to a. revise. b. imagine. c. memorize. d. discover. e. hypothesize.

discover.

1. The dispersal of ancient texts by the humanists of the late Renaissance that served to encourage study and debate was facilitated by a. new translations from the Islamic world. b. the discovery of the New World. c. the discovery in the late sixteenth century of the complete works of Plato. d. the removal of the works of Aristotle from the Index of Forbidden Works. e. the widespread use of the printing press.

e. the widespread use of the printing press.

1. Maria Sibylla Merian's accomplishments in the study of insects was aided by her knowledge of ________, which she learned in her father's workshop. a. engraving and illustration b. lens grinding c. silk production d. leatherworking e. botany

engraving and illustration

1. Copernicus's heliocentric theory a. exchanged the position of the Earth and the Sun in the Ptolemaic model. b. was published by him as soon as he formulated his discovery. c. was endorsed by the Catholic Church. d. was supported by the Lutheran Church but not the Catholic Church. e. was immediately ridiculed among the scientific community.

exchanged the position of the Earth and the Sun in the Ptolemaic model.

1. For Neoplatonists, ________ was one of the tools for finding God's perfect structure. a. solar system b. mathematics c. geometry d. algebra e. reason.

geometry

1. Medieval thinkers were fascinated by light, and the subsequent innovations of ________ led to the seventeenth-century invention of the telescope and the microscope. a. astrologers b. lens grinders c. opticians d. microbiologists e. tinsmiths

lens grinders

1. Kepler believed that ________ was God's language. a. mathematics b. light c. Latin d. music e. poetry

mathematics

1. In 1616, Galileo Galilei was urged by his supporters to stop promulgating Copernican ideas after the Catholic Church a. placed Copernicus's De Revolutionibus on the Index of Prohibited Books. b. threatened him with excommunication. c. inducted him into the Knights of Malta. d. named his good friend, Cardinal Barberini, as Pope Urban VIII. e. established the Vatican observatory under Jesuit control.

placed Copernicus's De Revolutionibus on the Index of Prohibited Books.

1. Galileo hoped for support from his friend Maffeo Barberini, who became a. the doge of Venice. b. the head of the Medici family. c. pope. d. the king of France. e. the Holy Roman emperor.

pope.

1. Galileo Galilei was brought to trial by the Inquisition because he a. failed to prove Copernican ideas to Cardinal Baronius. b. promoted Copernican ideas and had insulted his old patron, Cardinal Barberini, who was now Pope Urban VIII. c. refused to accept the truth of Christianity; he remained an avowed Muslim. d. was spoiled too much by his Medici patrons. e. refused to publish the results of his observations refuting Copernicus.

promoted Copernican ideas and had insulted his old patron, Cardinal Barberini, who was now Pope Urban VIII.

1. As a leader of the scientific revolution, Isaac Newton was a(n) a. affable, public figure who enjoyed London society. b. recluse who spent his time in Cambridge. c. public figure who gave open lectures at Oxford. d. recluse who spent his time at Oxford. e. public figure who took an active role in the scientific community of the Continent.

recluse who spent his time in Cambridge.

1. Copernicus believed that his work a. restored a pure understanding of God's design. b. broke with the ideas of the Catholic Church. c. was an attack on the authority of ancient texts. d. did not contradict centuries of astronomical thought. e. was used by the Catholic Church to refute the ideas of Aristotle.

restored a pure understanding of God's design.

1. As regards Christianity, Sir Isaac Newton believed that a. religion was a lie told to keep the poor from rebellion. b. all religions must be rejected because they are contrary to human reason. c. science and faith were compatible and mutually supported each other. d. all worldly concerns should be rejected for the salvation of the soul. e. Christianity is a superstition that ought to be rejected when tested by science.

science and faith were compatible and mutually supported each other.

1. From the seventeenth century on, there existed a fundamental shift in the view of the world by the Western world to be considered "modern," and people now approached the world through a. philosophy. b. mysticism. c. religion. d. science. e. the humanities.

science.