Ch. 16,18,19, & 20 STUDY!!

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of a.viral infection with herpesvirus. b.cardiomyopathy. c.β-hemolytic streptococcal infection. d.chronic intravenous drug abuse.

β-hemolytic streptococcal infection

Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of

Baroreceptor activity

Patients with structural evidence of heart failure who exhibit no signs or symptoms are classified into which New York Heart Association heart failure class? a.Class I b.Class IV c.Class II d.Class III

Class I

A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis

False its respiratory alkalosis

The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in

Non-Hispanic black adults

An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by

Positioning the arm above the heart level

A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ________ shock. a.obstructive b.hypovolemic c.septic d.cardiogenic

Septic

Cor pulmonale refers to a.biventricular failure. b.right ventricular failure secondary to right ventricular infarction. c.right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension. d.left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to lung disease.

right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a serious complication of septic shock characterized by abnormal clot formation in the microvasculature throughout the body. a.False b.True

True :Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a serious complication of septic shock characterized by abnormal clot formation in the microvasculature throughout the body.

Which of the following would result in an increase in systemic blood pressure? Vasoconstriction

Vasoconstriction

Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of

cardiac tamponade.

Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at

decreasing myocardial oxygen demands

A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg,retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of

hypertensive crisis.

A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient'ssymptomology is most likely related to

hypotension.

Lusitropic impairment refers to a. poor contractile force. b. impaired diastolic relaxation. c. altered action potential conduction rate. d. altered automaticity.

impaired diastolic relaxation

Blood pressure is regulated on a short-term basis through (Select all that apply.)

interaction of carotid and aortic baroreceptors. Vasomotor center in the brainstem. Activation of SNS.inhibition of PSNS.

Atherosclerosis puts a patient at risk for (Select all that apply.)

ischemic stroke. retinal injury. renal impairment.

Second-degree heart block type 1 (Wenckebach) is characterized by

lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave

Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they

Reduce cardiac output

A patient with a cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of _______ shock.

Septic

What results when systemic blood pressure is increased?

Vasoconstriction

The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease. a.True b.False

False :The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is cardiovascular disease.

In contract to all other type of shock the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with

High cardiac output

Lack of elasticity in the aorta as occurs with age and contributes to?

Higher systolic and lower diastolic blood pressures

A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of a.angina. b.arthrosclerosis. c.myocardial infarction. d.hypertensive crisis.

Hypertensive crisis :Hypertensive crisis is characterized by a diastolic blood pressure of greater than 120 mm Hg, and symptoms of end-organ damage such as retinopathy and ischemic stroke. Blood pressure is not an indication of arthrosclerosis. Angina may accompany hypertensive crisis, but the question stem relates directly to hypertensive crisis. The patient may be having a myocardial infarction, but the addition of end-organ damage symptoms points to hypertensive crisis.

A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient's symptomology is most likely related to

Hypotension

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with a.increased cardiac preload. b.elevated myocardial oxygen consumption. c.impaired cardiac filling. d.cardiac hypertrophy.

Impaired cardiac filling :Constrictive pericarditis results in a fibrous scarred pericardium that restricts cardiac filling. Chronic pericarditis may be the result of a previous cardiac surgery. Pericarditis is associated with increased workload of the heart because contraction is opposed by the surrounding structures. The constrictive process includes symptoms of exercise intolerance, weakness, and fatigue.

Lusitropic impairment refers to

Impaired diastolic relaxation

The compensatory mechanisms that are triggered following myocardial

Increase myocardial oxygen demands

While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?

Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease

Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes. a.False b.True

True :Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes.

The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension. a.True b.False

True :The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension.

An example of an acyanotic heart defect is a.ventricular septal defect. b.transposition of the great arteries. c.all right-to-left shunt defects. d.tetralogy of Fallot.

Ventricular septal defect

Administration of a Vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to

Decrease left ventricular afterload

The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of

apoptosis

Which of the following is an accurate description of patent ductus arteriosus?

A communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery

Sepsis has been recently redefined as a.severe hypotension in an infected patient. b.a systemic infection with viable organisms in the bloodstream. c.a systemic inflammatory response to infection. d.a systemic inflammatory response to ischemia.

A systemic inflammatory response to infection

The Drug of choice for treating hypertensive diabetic patients is? ACE inhibitors

ACE inhibitors

Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to a.increase tissue perfusion. b.decrease vascular resistance. c.increase contractility. d.decrease left ventricular afterload.

Decrease left ventricular afterload

Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at a.activating the parasympathetic system. b.reducing heart rate and blood pressure. c.protecting the heart from further ischemia. d.decreasing myocardial oxygen demands.

Decreasing myocardial oxygen demands

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

Diastolic murmur

The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is

Digitalis

A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience

syncope

Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy.

False because it results in Hypertrophy

Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to JNC-7 criteria?

128/82

Blood pressure equals?

The production of cardiac output CO and systolic vascular resistance. SVR

Acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina are both?

Acute Coronary syndromes ACS

A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing

Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with

Acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases a.stroke volume. b.afterload. c.blood volume. d.preload.

Afterload

Diastolic heart murmurs are

Always pathologic

A patient with long standing hypertension is at risk for hypertensive heart disease, which of the following clinical findings is indicative of this complication

An S4 heart sound

Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?

Anaphylactic

The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with

Antibiotics

In which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately?

Atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 220 beats/minutes

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the

Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

Mitral regurgitation

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing acute myocardial ischemia is

St segment elevation

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is

St- segment elevation

A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience

Syncope

The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is a.vasodilation. b.not significant. c.vasoconstriction. d.opposed by nitrate drugs.

Vasodilation :Feedback:Nitric oxide causes vasodilation in the systemic arterioles. Vasoconstriction is not associated with nitric oxide. There is a significant effect on the systemic arterioles related to nitric oxide. The effects of nitric oxide are not known to be opposed by nitrate drugs

A patient who reports dizziness and who has absent P waves, wide QRS complexes, and a heart rate of 38 beats/minute on an ECG is most likely in which rhythm?

Ventricular escape rhythm

At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.

At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the leastappropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.

In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?

Class II Compensated stage.

After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patientreports "moderate" adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced adecreased from 165/96 mm Hg to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriateintervention for this patient at this time?

Continue lifestyle modifications only.

Positive inotropic drugs work by increasing

Contractility Cardiac output Tissue perfusion Myocardial oxygen demand

Increased preload of the cardiac chambers may lead to which patient symptom? a.Edema b.Excitability c.Decreased respiratory rate d.Decreased heart rate

Edema :Preload reduces glomerular filtration resulting in fluid conservation, or edema. Increased preload may lead to an increased, not decreased, heart rate. Increased preload may lead to shortness of breath and an increased respiratory rate. Increased preload may lead to fatigue, not excitability, as the heart works harder to circulate blood.

A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by

Elderly women without a previous history of MI

Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?

Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T

Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells? a.Prolonged coagulation time b.Markedly decreased CK-MB and troponin I c.Elevated LDL d.Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T

Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T

________ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration.

End-organ

A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis.

False

The urinary signs and symptoms of acute renal failure associated with the progressive stage of shock are Oliguria Increased serum creatinine.

Increased serum creatinine.

Systolic Blood pressure?

Is defined as the highest pressure detected in the arteries.

Atherosclerosis puts a patient at risk for (Select all that apply.) a.ischemic stroke. b.hemorrhagic stroke. c.retinal injury d.renal impairment e.liver disease

Ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke and renal impairment

An elderly patient's blood pressure is measured at 160/98. How would the patient's left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure? a.High-pressure workload leads to left ventricular atrophy. b.This is an expected blood pressure in the elderly and has little effect on left ventricular function. c.Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload. d.High blood pressure enhances left ventricular perfusion during systole.

Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload

An elderly patient's blood pressure is measured at 160/98. How would the patient's left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure?

Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload.

Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by a.absent P waves. b.lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave. c.no correlation between P waves and QRS complexes. d.constant PR interval and dropped QRS complexes.

Lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave

Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms? a.Sinus bradycardia b.Junctional escape c.Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome) d.Second-degree AV block

Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome) :Reentry is a complex process in which a cardiac impulse continues to depolarize in a part of the heart after the main impulse has finished its path and the majority of the fibers have repolarized. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is caused by accessory pathways that originate in the atria, bypass the AV node, and enter a site in the ventricular myocardium. This causes the ventricles to contract prematurely, resulting in a reentrant tachycardia. Second-degree block is a conduction failure between the sinus impulse and its ventricular response. Sinus bradycardia is a slowed impulse generation by the sinus node. A junctional escape rhythm originates in the AV node.

An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of a.supraventricular tachycardia. b.junctional escape rhythm. c.paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. d.premature ventricular complexes.

Premature ventricular complexes

Mitral stenosis is associated with

Pressure gradient across the mitral valve

The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is a.tissue ischemia. b.reduced cardiac output. c.pulmonary edema. d.poor diastolic filling.

Reduced cardiac output :The common manifestation of all forms of heart failure is the failure of the heart to pump blood adequately. The clinical presentation may differ depending on which ventricle fails (left or right, or both). Poor diastolic filling is not seen in all forms of heart failure. Pulmonary edema is seen in left-sided failure. Tissue ischemia is directly related to myocardial infarction, which may induce heart failure

A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?

Septic shock

A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is

Serum potassium

Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure(BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100?

Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118

Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100? a.Sitting BP 110/78, HR 98 b.Sitting BP 120/80, HR 100 c.Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118 d.Sitting BP 108/68, HR 102

Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118 :The definition of orthostatic hypotension is a decrease in systolic blood pressure greater than 20 mm Hg or a decrease in systolic pressure that is greater than 10 mm Hg within 3 minutes of moving to an upright position. The measurements of BP 108/68, HR 102 and BP 110/78, HR 98 are not indicative of orthostatic hypotension. An increase in blood pressure do not occur with orthostatic hypotension.

Most myocardial infarctions occur when an atherosclerotic plaque stimulates?

Thrombus formation at the site

The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with

antibiotics

Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with

antiplatelet drugs.

The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is ____________.

cardiovascular disease

Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)

communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

diastolic murmur

A loud pansystollic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

mitral regurgitation

The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in

non-Hispanic black adults.

Hypertension is closely linked to

obstructive sleep apnea

An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by

positioning the arm above the heart level.

An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of

premature ventricle complexes

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to

pulmonary stenosis

The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is

reduced cardiac output

After sitting in a chair for an hour an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of

right-sided heart failures

The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to ____________.

secondary hypertension

Orthostatic hypotension is a risk factor for (Select all that apply.)

stroke. cognitive impairment. death.

It can be explained to a patient that high blood pressure increases the risk of (Select all that apply.)

stroke. renal disease. ischemic heart disease.

Pulse pressure is defined as

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

The progressive stage of hypovolemic shock is characterized by

tachycardia

An example of an acyanotic heart defect is

ventricular septal defect.

Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to theJNC-7 criteria?

128/82

A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

Begin antihypertensive drug therapy

Administration of a pure (1-adrenergic agonist medication to a patient is shock would be expected to increase?

Blood pressure

Decreased cardiac output, muffled heart sounds, and equalized intracardiac pressures are manifestations of? Cardiac tamponade

Cardiac tamponade

Hypotension distended neck veins, and muffled heart sound are classic manifestations of

Cardiac tamponade

Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ________ shock. a.cardiogenic b.septic c.hypovolemic d.anaphylactic

Cardiogenic

Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock? a.5% dextrose in water b.Vasoconstrictor agents c.Inotropic agents d.Crystalloids

Crystalloids :Crystalloids are solutions that contain electrolytes. Isotonic solutions, such as lactated Ringers, are commonly used crystalloid solutions. These solutions are preferred for volume resuscitation, because they remain in the extracellular space and are more effective in increasing blood volume. Vasoconstrictor agents are contraindicated in hypovolemic shock. Isotonic crystalloids are the most appropriate fluid for volume resuscitation. Isotonic fluids are preferred over glucose or hypotonic electrolyte solutions.

A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic. a.False b.True

False :A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is neurogenic shock.

New-organ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration. a.True b.False

False :End-organ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration.

In Contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with

High cardiac output

A patient receives an ACE-inhibiting agent to manage his cardiovascular disease. Which of the following is not an expected result of ACE inhibitor therapy?

Increased Cardiac Preload

Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure. a.mean arterial b.systolic c.pulse d.diastolic

Mean arterial :The mean arterial pressure is used to make incremental adjustments to vasoactive drugs. The MAP is the calculated average pressure within the circulatory system throughout the cardiac cycle. The systolic pressure is a part of the calculation but is not the data element used in adjustment of vasoactive medications. The diastolic reading is involved in calculating the MAP, but is not the number used in titration of vasoactive medications. The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure.

First-degree heart block is characterized by?

Prolonged PR interval

Which causes of shock are considered to be obstructive?

Pulmonary embolus Cardiac tamponade Tension pneumothorax

A patient experiencing shock may exhibit which signs and symptoms?

Pulse of more than 100 beats/minute Fast and deep respirations

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is

ST-segment elevation.

Hypertension with a specific identifiable cause is known as ___________ hypertension.

Secondary

Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as

Secondary hypertension

A patient presenting with a fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?

Septic

A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is a.unstable angina. b.coronary vasospasm. c.myocardial infarction. d.stable angina.

Stable angina

Cor pulmonale refers to

right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension

Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with a.cardiac biomarkers only. b.cardiac catheterization. c.antiplatelet drugs. d.acute reperfusion therapy.

Antiplatelet drugs :Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST elevation on the ECG would be treated with antiplatelet drugs as a cornerstone of therapy. Coronary angiography may be used as an additional method of diagnosis but would not be the primary option. The patient with symptoms of unstable angina would not benefit from reperfusion strategies. Cardiac biomarkers may be assessed in the unstable angina patient, but are not the primary indicator.

After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? a.Continue lifestyle modifications plus b-blocker therapy. b.Continue lifestyle modifications only. c.Continue lifestyle modifications plus diuretic therapy. d.Continue lifestyle modifications plus ACE inhibitor therapy.

Continue lifestyle modifications only :The patient should be encouraged to continue compliance with lifestyle changes since the patient has exhibited some positive response to his changes. Diuretics are not needed at this time. ACE inhibitors should not be added to the therapy yet. β-blockers are not required at this time.

Aortic regurgitation is associated with a.shortened ventricular ejection phase. b.diastolic murmur. c.elevated systemic diastolic blood pressure. d.elevated left ventricular/aortic systolic pressure gradient

Diastolic murmur

A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of a.aortic regurgitation. b.aortic stenosis. c.mitral stenosis. d.mitral regurgitation.

Mitral regurgitation :The murmur of mitral regurgitation usually occurs throughout ventricular systole (pansystolic), radiates toward the left axilla, and has a high-pitched blowing character. Aortic insufficiency is characterized by a high-pitched blowing murmur during ventricular diastole. A characteristic murmur of aortic stenosis occurs during ventricular systole and varies in intensity, progressively getting louder and then diminishing (crescendo-decrescendo). The murmur of aortic stenosis generally radiates to the neck. Blood rushing through the narrowed mitral valve during ventricular diastole can sometimes be heard as a low-pitched, rumbling diastolic murmur at the heart's apex.

Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of

Nitric oxide

A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. The lung sounds are absent on one side. This patient is experiencing ________ shock.

Obstructive

A patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of

Peripheral pooling of blood

Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ angina.

Prinzmetal variant

First-degree heart block is characterized by a.variable PR interval. b.prolonged PR interval. c.widened QRS complex. d.absent P waves.

Prolonged PR interval :First-degree block is generally identified by a prolonged PR interval (more than 0.20 second) on ECG. P waves are not absent in first-degree heart block. A widened QRS complex is associated with a particular dysrhythmia, but not first-degree heart block. A variable PR interval is found in type I second-degree block.

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to

Pulmonary Stenosis

Left-sided heart failure is characterized by Pulmonary congestion

Pulmonary congestion

A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit a.hepatomegaly. b.jugular vein distention. c.peripheral edema. d.pulmonary congestion with dyspnea.

Pulmonary congestion with dyspnea :Left-sided heart failure is most often associated with left ventricular infarction and systemic hypertension. The ineffective pumping of the left ventricle results in an accumulation of blood within the pulmonary circulation. As a result, pulmonary congestion with dyspnea is an expected finding. Jugular vein distention is more often associated with right-sided failure. Peripheral edema is associated with right-sided failure. Hepatomegaly is not seen in pure left-sided edema.

Cardiogenic shock is characterized by

Reduced cardiac output

The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of

Reentry mechanisms

Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of _____ from juxtaglomerular cells. a.renin b.aldosterone c.norepinephrine d.angiotensinogen

Renin :When cardiac output is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney release renin and initiate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade leading to salt and water retention by the kidney. Aldosterone is not released from juxtaglomerular cells. Norepinephrine is not released by cells within the kidney. Angiotensin is not involved in the process of cellular release within the kidneys.

After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of

Right-sided heart failure.

Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to a.rupture. b.attachment. c.binding. d.dislodgement.

Rupture :Rupture of atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores initiates platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. Dislodgement is not an occurrence of atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores. Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are not prone to binding. Large lipid cores of atherosclerotic plaques are not prone to attachment.

Hypertension is closely linked to Obstructive sleep apnea A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ________ shock.

Septic

Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?

Septic

Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure? a.Calcium b.Magnesium c.Potassium d.Sodium

Sodium :The balance of the intake of water and sodium with their excretion by the kidney remains the central feature of long-term blood pressure maintenance. Sodium is not rapidly eliminated by the kidney like water and adds to the body's fluid volume. It is not necessary to restrict the intake of calcium when managing high blood pressure. Potassium does not need to be restricted in the management of high blood pressure. Magnesium does not play a role in the management of high blood pressure.

A patient with history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is

Stable angina

Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in

Systemic vascular resistance

Pulse pressure is defined a

Systolic pressure-diastolic pressure

The progressive stage of hypovolemic shock is characterized by a.hypertension. b.lactic acidosis. c.cardiac failure. d.tachycardia.

Tachycardia

What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?

Tachycardia