ch 17

How should researchers and reviewers accept statistical significance? a. With the belief that statistically significant results are the final word b. With the cautious regard for how results might apply to practice c. With the view that careful appraisal is necessary to apply results to theory d. With the idea that additional testing is not necessary

ANS: B Even if results are statistically significant, reviewers should not believe they are the final word. Caution or prudence is always warranted when reviewing the results of studies. This response does not make sense. Many quantitative studies require additional statistical testing.

The results section of a research report includes what? a. Instruments b. Data c. Design d. Theory

ANS: B Instruments are referred to in the methods section. The results section of a research report is considered the data-bound section of the report. Design fits into the methods section. Theory is frequently referred to in the literature review section.

Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to determine if bias arose during the study? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: B The results section does not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether any bias arose during the conduct of the study. The discussion section allows the nurse researcher to determine whether any bias arose during the conduct of the study. The literature review does not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether any bias arose during the conduct of the study. The methods section does not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether any bias arose during the conduct of the study.

Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to determine if data collection was consistent? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: B The results section does not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether data collection was consistent and exhibited fidelity. The discussion section allows the nurse researcher to determine whether data collection was consistent and exhibited fidelity. The literature review does not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether data collection was consistent and exhibited fidelity. The methods section does not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether data collection was consistent and exhibited fidelity.

In which section of the report will the nurse researcher address applicability to practice and future research? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: B The results section does not include addressing applicability to practice and Applicability to practice and future research is addressed in the discussion section. The literature review does not include addressing applicability to practice and future research. The methods section does not include addressing applicability to practice and future research.

Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to address limitations or weaknesses of the study? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: B The results section does not include addressing limitations or weaknesses. Limitations or weaknesses of the study are addressed in the discussion section. The literature review does not include addressing limitations or weaknesses. The methods section does not include addressing limitations or weaknesses.

Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to address support of the theoretical framework? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: B The results section does not include addressing support of the theoretical framework. Support of the theoretical framework is addressed in the discussion section. The literature review does not include addressing support of the theoretical framework. The methods section does not include addressing support of the theoretical framework.

In which section of the report does the nurse researcher address supported and unsupported data? Results Discussion Literature review methods

ANS: B The results section does not include addressing supported and unsupported data. Supported and unsupported data are addressed in the discussion section. The literature review does not include addressing supported and unsupported data. The methods section does not include addressing supported and unsupported data.

Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to determine if instruments were reliable and valid? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: B The results section will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether instruments were reliable and valid. The discussion section allows the nurse researcher to determine whether instruments were reliable and valid. The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether instruments were reliable and valid. The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether instruments were reliable and valid.

Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to interpret the evidence provided? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: A The results section will allow the nurse researcher to interpret the evidence provided. The discussion section will not allow the nurse researcher to interpret the evidence provided. The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to interpret evidence provided. The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to interpret evidence provided.

Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to report unforeseen events that occurred during the course of the study? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: A The results section will allow the nurse researcher to report untoward events that occurred during the course of the study. The discussion section will not allow the nurse researcher to report untoward events that occurred during the course of the study. The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to report untoward events that occurred during the course of the study. The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to report untoward events that occurred during the course of the study.

Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to review all data, including data that are not significant? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: A The results section will allow the nurse researcher to review all data, even data that are not significant. The discussion section will not allow the nurse researcher to review all data, even data that are not significant. The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to review all data, even data that are not significant. The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to review all data, even data that are not significant.

Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to review critical summary numbers for each test? a. Results b. Discussion c. Literature review d. Methods

ANS: A The results section will allow the nurse researcher to review critical summary numbers for each test. The discussion section will not allow the nurse researcher to review critical summary numbers for each test. The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to review critical summary numbers for each test. The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to review critical summary numbers for each test.

Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to review reduction of data in the form of tables and figures? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: A The results section will allow the nurse researcher to review reduction of data in the form of tables and figures. The discussion section will not allow the nurse researcher to review reduction of data in the form of tables and figures. The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to review reduction of data in the form of tables and figures. The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to review reduction of data in the form of tables and figures.

Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to review the descriptive and inferential statistics for each hypothesis or research question? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: A The results section will allow the nurse researcher to review the descriptive and inferential statistics for each hypothesis or research question. The discussion section will not allow the nurse researcher to review the descriptive and inferential statistics for each hypothesis or research question. The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to review the descriptive and inferential statistics for each hypothesis or research question. The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to review the descriptive and inferential statistics for each hypothesis or research question.

The nurse researcher can determine if the sampling size was adequate in which section of the report? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: B The results section will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether sampling size was adequate. The discussion section allows the nurse researcher to determine whether sampling size was adequate. The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether sampling size was adequate. The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether sampling size is adequate.

The section of the report in which the nurse researcher determines if the theoretical thinking used was correct is called: results. discussion. literature review. methods.

ANS: B The results section will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether theoretical thinking was correct. The discussion section allows the nurse researcher to determine whether theoretical thinking was correct. The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether theoretical thinking was correct. The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether theoretical thinking was correct.

Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to discuss the analysis choices? Results Discussion Literature review Methods

ANS: B The results section will not allow the nurse researcher to discuss the analysis choices. The discussion section allows the nurse researcher to discuss the analysis choices. The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to discuss the analysis choices. The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to discuss the analysis choices.

What should be the nurse researcher's response to a study that's results are not supported statistically or are only partially supported? Dismiss the study as being irrelevant. Review the study's processes. Consider the study to be proven. Recognize that findings are not accurate.

ANS: B The study is important; information from unsupported studies can often be useful. The study is worth reviewing; information from unsupported studies can often be useful. Statistical study results do not prove hypotheses; hypotheses that are not supported by statistical tests provide useful information. This answer does not define the usefulness of a study.

A problem with the study's validity would be classified as: unsupported data. poor interpretation of results. limitation. lack of objectivity.

ANS: C A problem with validity would not necessarily be synonymous with unsupported data. A problem with validity would not necessarily be synonymous with poor interpretation of results. A problem with the study's validity would be considered to be a limitation. A problem with validity would not necessarily be synonymous with lack of objectivity.

When discussing the results, what facilitates presentation of large amounts of data? Subjective presentation Inferential statistics Tables and figures Descriptive statistics

ANS: C A subjective presentation does not facilitate the presentation of large amounts of data. Inferential statistics are important, but they do not necessarily facilitate the presentation of large amounts of data. The use of tables and figures facilitates the presentation of large amounts of data. Descriptive statistics are important, but they do not necessarily facilitate the presentation of large amounts of data.

When researchers write the discussion section of a study, which section of the report is used to evaluate the findings? Method Introduction Theoretical framework Data analysis

ANS: C Investigators return to the theoretical framework to assess whether the findings support, extend, or counter it. Investigators return to the theoretical framework to assess whether the findings support, extend, or counter it. Investigators return to the theoretical framework to assess whether the findings support, extend, or counter it. Investigators return to the theoretical framework, not the data analysis section, to determine the fit of the findings with previously described theory.

A researcher makes generalizations beyond the population being studied. The nurse researcher recognizes this as: a. accurate. b. appropriate. c. inappropriate. d. supportable.

ANS: C One should not generalize beyond the population on which a study is based. One should not generalize beyond the population on which a study is based. Generalizations that draw conclusions and make inferences within a particular situation at a particular time are appropriate but not beyond the population on which the study is based. Generalizations that draw conclusions and make inferences beyond the population on which a study is based are not acceptable when considering sample and population statistics and inference

When reporting results, investigators should demonstrate what? a. Subjectivity b. Appropriateness c. Objectivity d. Inference

ANS: C Researchers must present results with objectivity. This is a non-specific answer. Researchers must present results with objectivity. Inference is used when interpreting inferential statistical results

Which section of the report allows the researcher to determine if evidence provided in the findings validates current practice or supports the need for change? a. Results b. Discussion c. Recommendations d. Methods

ANS: C The results section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question "Does the evidence provided in the findings validate current practice or support the need for change in practice?" The discussion section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question "Does the evidence provided in the findings validate current practice or support the need for change in practice?" The recommendations section allows the nurse researcher to answer the question "Does the evidence provided in the findings validate current practice or support the need for change in practice?" The methods section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question "Does the evidence provided in the findings validate current practice or support the need for change in practice?"

Which section of the report will allow the nurse researcher to determine the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided by the findings? a. Results b. Discussion c. Recommendations d. Methods

ANS: C The results section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question "What are the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided by the findings?" The discussion section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question "What are the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided by the findings?" The recommendations section allows the nurse researcher to answer the question "What are the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided by the findings?" The methods section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question "What are the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided by the findings?"

Which section of the report will allow the nurse researcher to determine what contribution the study makes to nursing? a. Results b. Discussion c. Recommendations d. Methods

ANS: C The results section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question "What contribution to nursing does this study make?" The discussion section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question "What contribution to nursing does this study make?" The recommendations section allows the nurse researcher to answer the question "What contribution to nursing does this study make?" The methods section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question "What contribution to nursing does this study make?"

The nurse researcher questions the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided by the findings. This is described in which part of the discussion section? a. inferences b. summary c. limitations d. recommendations

ANS: D Inferences are made when interpreting statistical test results. Summary statements are made in another part of the discussion section. Limitations are addressed by examining the weaknesses of a study and are often attributable to instruments, analysis, and sampling. These questions help with the identification of the recommendations part of the discussion section.