Ch 17 Urinary System

A kidney is approximately _______ centimeters long, six centimeters wide, and three centimeters thick.

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Which factors would reduce glomerular filtration?

An increase in hydrostatic pressure inside the glomerular capsule An increase in the colloid osmotic pressure of plasma in the glomerulus

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located where which structures meet?

Ascending limb of the nephron loop meets the afferent and efferent arterioles

What is the function of renin?

Convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Which three factors stimulate the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland?

Decreased water concentration in the blood Decrease in blood volume Increase in blood osmolarity

Which choices apply to kidney function?

Helps activate vitamin D Secretes renin Secretes erythropoietin

Which factors will contribute to enhanced tubular reabsorption?

High permeability of peritubular capillary walls Low blood pressure in peritubular capillaries High colloid osmotic pressure in peritubular capillaries

Which structure is composed of epithelial cells, called macula densa, and smooth muscle cells?

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Which of the following are normally excreted in urine?

Metabolic wastes Excess electrolytes Excess water

Where are the kidneys located in the human body?

On either side of the vertebral column

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

Regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid

Identify events that occur during the involuntary portion of the micturition reflex.

Relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter Contraction of the detrusor muscle in the urinary bladder wall

Name the tips of the renal pyramids that point towards the renal sinus.

Renal papillae

Which of the following scenarios indicates that the substance must have been reabsorbed?

Substance A is found in the filtrate but not in the urine

What is a glomerular capsule?

Thin-walled, saclike structure that surrounds a capillary network

Which change in the efferent arteriole will lead to an increased net filtration pressure within the glomerulus?

Vasoconstriction

Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II is the function of ______.

ace

The electrical gradient generated as sodium is actively reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule also leads to the reabsorption of

anions, chloride, or Cl-

To increase water retention, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ______ from the posterior pituitary gland.

antidiuretic hormone

What are the arteries which diverge from the interlobar arteries near the base of the renal pyramid?

arcuate

The outer region of the kidney is called the renal _____, which also dips into the kidney as a structure called the renal ______.

cortex; columns

Unlike ______ nephrons that reside almost entirely in the renal cortex, ______ nephrons have loops that project deep into the medulla.

cortical; juxtamedullary

If there is excess water in the blood, ADH secretion is ____. As a result ____ water is reabsorbed in the kidneys and the urine becomes more ____.

decreased; less; dilute

The ascending limb of the nephron loop connects with which structure?

distal convoluted tubule

When ADH reaches the kidney, it increases the water permeability of which two portions of the kidney tubule and associated structures?

distal convoluted tubule collecting duct

Which stimuli lead to the secretion of renin?

drop in afferent arteriole blood pressure sympathetic stimulation decreased NaCl concentration in filtrate

Proteins are mostly absent from glomerular filtrate except for a small protein called albumin which is reabsorbed through the process of _____ in the proximal convoluted tubule.

endocytosis

The fluid in the glomerular capsule that is the result of filtration of blood is called the

glomerular filtrate

What is tubular reabsorption?

he process where the nephron returns water and some filtered molecules to the blood

For any condition that decreases plasma protein concentration, the net filtration rate will ______.

increase

When blood volume _____, the heart secretes a hormone called ______ as a counter regulation.

increase; ANP

Glomerular filtration rate ________ when there is excess body fluid and _______ during dehydration.

increases; decreases

The renal artery branches off to several smaller vessels called ________ arteries, which pass between the renal pyramid

interlobal

Several minor calyces merge to form a(n)

major calyx

The functional unit of a kidney is called the

nephron

What is the effect of capsular hydrostatic pressure on filtration?

opposes filtration

What is the effect of colloid osmotic pressure on filtration?

opposes filtration

Water reabsorption from renal tubules occurs by the process of

osmosis

Which modes of transport are used to reabsorb specific substances along segments of the renal tubule?

osmosis diffusion active transport

In the PCT, chloride ions are reabsorbed by ______

passive transport

The major calyces merge to form an enlarged chamber called the renal

pelvis

What does the word root 'nephr-' mean?

pertaining to the kidney

The kidneys are on the __________ wall.

posterior abdominal

The cone-shaped areas of tissue within the renal medulla are called renal _____.

pyramids

The inner layer of the kidney tissue is called the renal

renal medulla

This hollow chamber through which blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter the kidney is called the

renal sinus

What is the composition of the filtrate produced by glomerular capillaries?

similar to plasma but no proteins

ANP increases ______ excretion in the kidney when blood pressure increases.

sodium

The micturition reflex is initiated by the ______. Multiple choice question.

stretching of the walls of the urinary bladder