CH-18 Nutrition and Metabolism

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A,D,E & K

What is adiponectin?

Another hormone that affects body weight by regulating fatty acid catabolism and boosting basal metabolic rate.

Which vitamins are water soluble?

B's & C

Which BMI range is considered overweight?

Between 25 and 30.

What promotes absorption of fat soluble vitamins?

Bile salts in the intestine.

Which diagnostic test is used to evaluate kidney function?

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

How does insulin regulate fat stores?

By stimulating adipocytes to take up glucose, store fat and stimulates other cells to take up glucose to form glycogen.

If adequate carbs are missing, the liver will convert non-carbs such as _____ or _____ in a process called _______.

amino acids, glycerol, gluconeogenesis

What is the part of the hypothalamus that is affected by hormones for appetite control?

arcuate nucleus

mal =

bad, abnormal (malnutrition)

The rate at which the body expends energy when a person is awake and at rest is called _____ _____ _____.

basal metabolic rate

bas =

base ( basal metabolic rate )

When fatty acids form molecules of coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) in a series of reactions, this process is called _______.

beta oxidation

The liver uses cholesterol to produce _____ _____.

bile salts

The measurement used to assess weight considering height is called what?

body mass index (BMI)

Body cell synthesize vitamin A from provitamins called _________.

carotenes

carot =

carrot (carotene - yellowish plant pigment

What gives the crunch to celery and the crispness to lettuce?

cellulose

The process that takes place in the liver to remove nitrogen containing groups is called what?

deamination

Simple carbohydrates are called ______ and _____.

disaccharides, monosaccharides

If the overall gain of protein equals the loss of protein, this is called ______ ______.

dynamic equalibrium

T/F: Plants contain low levels of cholesterol.

False.

T/F: The liver synthesizes "essential fatty acids".

False.

T/F: The liver synthesizes linoleic acid.

False. The liver cannot synthesize linoleic acid. Linoleic acid is found in corn, cottonseed and soy oils.

Where are excess triglycerides stored?

In adipose tissue.

Where in the cell does beta oxidation occur?

In the mitochondria.

What does ghrelin release by the stomach do?

Increase appetite by stimulating the release of neuropeptide Y.

What converts fructose and galactose to glucose?

Liver enzymes.

Saturated fats should comprise no more that what percentage of diet?

No more than 10% of diet.

Is cholesterol used as an energy source?

No. Cholesterol is used for cellular structural material and for the synthesis of certain hormones.

Can humans digest cellulose?

No. Most of it passes through the alimentary canal unchanged. Provides bulk.

A deficiency of proteins can lead to:

extreme weight loss, anemia, wasting, growth retardation

What is the recommended daily protein intake for adults?

0.8 g / kg or 10% of the daily diet

What are the steps for protein molecules to supply energy?

1- protein is broken down into amino acids 2- amino acids undergo deamination (in the liver) 3- nitrogen containing groups are removed forming urea 4- blood carries urea to the kidneys to be excreted as urine

Triglycerides consists of what?

One glycerol and three fatty acids.

What are lipids?

Organic compounds that include fats, oils, phospholipids and cholesterol.

What are carbohydrates?

Organic compounds that include sugars and starches.

What are proteins?

Polymers of amino acids.

What does the liver do with excess cholesterol in the blood?

Removes it from the blood and excretes it into the bile.

What does the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y do?

Stimulate appetite.

What does leptin do?

Suppress appetite by inhibiting release of neuropeptide Y and stimulates metabolic rate.

How many essential amino acids are there in growing children?

Ten

What is a calorie?

The amount of potential energy a food contains.

Which organ regulates the amount of cholesterol in the body?

The liver.

lip =

fat (lipids)

obes =

fat (obesity)

Excess glucose reacts to form ______ and is stored in the ________ tissue.

fat, adipose

What must happen to protein molecules before deamination?

They must be broken down into amino acids.

What is the function of lipids?

To provide energy for cellular processes and help build structures (like cell membranes)

T/F: All 20 amino acids must be present for protein synthesis.

True

T/F: The amount of oxygen consumed is directly proportional to the amount of energy released by cellular respiration.

True

T/F: Fats contain twice the chemical energy of carbs and proteins.

True.

T/F: It takes 1 calorie to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

True.

T/F: Lipids are less dense than proteins.

True.

What is the waste product of deamination and where is it excreted?

Urea excreted by the kidneys.

Retinol and retinal (retinene) is the form of what vitamin?

Vitamin A.

The three monosaccharides absorbed from the digestive tract are called?

fructose, glucose and galactose

The carbohydrate most commonly oxidized in glycolysis is called _________.

glucose

The storage form of glucose is a carbohydrate called ______.

glycogen

Glucose is polymerized to form ______ which is stored by the _______ and ________ .

glycogen, liver, muscles

The process by which excess glucose is polymerized to form glycogen is called _______.

glycogenesis

calor =

heat ( calorie - unit used for measuring heat or energy content of foods.

Besides cellulose name some other plant carbs that provide fiber.

hemicellulose, pectin, lignin

Some examples of monosaccharides are?

honey, fruit

Before a triglyceride molecule can release energy it must undergo _______.

hydrolysis

A fruity order to the breath or urine indicates the presence of ______ ______.

ketone bodies

Excess acetyl CoA molecules react to form compounds called ______ _______.

ketone bodies (eg. acetone)

Eating stimulates adipocytes to secrete ______.

leptin

Ketone bodies are eliminated through the _____ and ______.

lungs, kidneys

When triglycerides are hydrolyzed and absorbed they are transported in the _____ to the _____ and finally to the _______.

lymph, blood, tissues

A negative nitrogen balance can indicate what nutritional state?

malnutrition

meter =

measure (calorimeter)

A deficiency of carbohydrates can lead to:

metabolic acidosis

Some examples of disaccharides are?

milk sugar, cane sugar, molasses

What are the healthiest type of fats?

monosaturated fats (olive, peanut and canola oils)

Is appetite suppression a negative or positive feedback response to calories?

negative feedback response

Which cells require continuous glucose to survive?

neurons

When hypothalamic cells are targeted by leptin this inhibits release of a hypothalamic neurotransmitter called ___________.

neuropeptide Y

If the amount of nitrogen taken in equals the amount excreted this is called _____ _____.

nitrogen balance

nutri =

nourish (nutrient)

A decrease in the level of plasma proteins which in turn results in decrease in colloid osmotic pressure results into a condition called _______ _______.

nutritional edema

An excess of proteins can lead to:

obesity

An excess of carbohydrates can lead to:

obesity, dental caries, nutritional deficits

An excess of lipids can lead to:

obesity, increased serum cholesterol, increased risk of heart disease

Approximately what is the range in grams of carbohydrates needed daily to spare protein?

125 to 175 grams

Which activity consumes the most calories: 1 - Jogging 2- Walking up stairs

2 - Walking up stairs

How many known amino acids are there?

20

The American Heart Association advises that the diet should not exceed ___% of the total daily calories from fat.

30%

Which BMI is considered obese?

> 30

The most common dietary lipids are fats called _______.

triglycerides

The liver uses free fatty acids to synthesize ______, ______ and _______.

triglycerides, phospholipids and lipoproteins

Low leptin levels indicate what?

Depleted fat stores.

How many essential amino acids are there in adults?

Eight

Insulin is secreted by which organ?

pancreas

Lipids found in food are mostly ______, _______ or _______.

phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides (fats)

Some examples of polysaccharides are?

plant starch and glycogen from meats

Complex carbohydrates are called?

polysaccharides

pell =

skin (pellagra - vitamin deficiency causing skin inflamation)

Leptin acts on target cells in which gland?

the hypothalamus

A deficiency of lipids can lead to:

weight loss, skin lesions