Ch 18 Part 2

e

At the heart of the French monarchy's problems in the 18c was a. A split with the Cath Church b. A series of conflicts with Spain and Austria c. a series of failed colonial ventures d. a deep ideological divide in the country e. the gov insufficient income

a

Calonne's reform plan included all of the following EXCEPT: a. a proposal to create a new national legislature b. policies to encourage internall trade c. a proposal to lower certain taxes d. a proposal to transform peasants obligatory labor to money payments e. a plan to reduce gov regulation of the grain trade

d

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Cit established all of the following except: a. proportional taxation b. equality before the law c. equality of access to public office d. legal equality of men and women e. presumption of innocent until proof of guilt

c

The The Estate's commitment to voting by head was formalized by the: a. Declaration of the Rights of Man b. Jacobin Oath c. Tennis Court Oath d. Statement of Beliefs e. Universal Declaration of Equality

cahiers de doleances

The ________________ included grievances regarding: 1. government waste 2. indirect taxes 3. aristocratic hunting rights 4. corruption And called for: 1. economic reforms 2. constitutional monarchy 3. legal protection of individual liberties

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

The _________________________ guaranteed: 1. equality before the law 2. representative government 3. individual freedom 4. proportional taxation 5. equality of access to public office 6. presumption of innocence until proven otherwise

Great Fear

The disturbances that swept the French countryside in Aug 1789 were known as the _____

e

émigrés were: a. French aristocrats who refused to leave France b. revolutionary agents who left france c. non-French recolutionary activists d. revolutionaries who joined the cause after 1791 e. French aristocrats who left France

Abbe Sieyes

*Priest argued 3rd estate = most useful French society -Quoth "What is the 3rd estate Everything. What has it been in the political order up to the Present? Nothing. What does it ask? To become something." -priest whose comment on the Third Estate is published into a pamphlet in 1789. -Declared that the Third Estate was the most useful component of French Society

Emigres

*aristocrats who resided outside of France and tried to org a counter revo -French nobles who fled from France during the peasant uprisings to nearby countries. -settled in countries near French border -sought gov counter revo -They were very conservative and hoped to restore the king to power. -one of them was the Kings younger bro: Count Artios (his agents and thw queen persuaded Louis XIV to try to flee the country)

Chapelier Law

*forbade workers' associations (guilds/unions) and resulted int he worker losing legal protection for their wages -(1791) Law enacted by the Assembly that forbade workers' association. -Left peasants and workers to the freedom of the marketplace. -The Assembly considered workers' organizations similar to guilds, a feature of the Old Regime, and thus in opposition with the new revolution.

Tennis Court Oath

-An oath declaring to continue to sit until they gave France a constitution. -Declaration mainly by members of the Third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France (June 20, 1789).

passive citizens

-Approximately 2.7 million citizens who enjoyed the civic rights provided by the Declaration of the Rights of Man, but paid insufficient taxes, and were unable to qualify for a vote.

Constitution of 1791

- National Contituen Assembly established constitutional monarchy, or limited monarchy with all executive power answerable to a legislative assembly for France when it made this in 1791 *division of the citz od France into 2 distinct groups: active and passive -monarch could only temporarily veto legislation passed by the assembly. -Assembly had pwer to make war and peace -provided a system of indirect elections > thawrt direct pop pressure on gov -The constitution restricted voting in the assembly to the active citizens only.

"What is the Third Estate?"

-"Everything. What has it been in the political order up to the present? Nothing. What does it ask? To become something." -Pamphlet written by Abbe Sieyes in January 1789. -It declared the nobility to be a useless caste that did not pay its taxes, and therefore should be abolished. -Only the Third Estate was necessary as the working class in French economy, and should therefore be sovereign, or have an increase in power.

cahiers de doleances

-A list of grievances registered by local electors -Bought w/ rep's when they came 2 the royal palace -Given 2 king -Many survived & gave info on eve of Revo *The docs crit = gov waste, indirect taxes, church taxes, corruption & hunting rights of nobles *Demanded creation of a constitutional monarchy; eco reforms & guarantee by law of individual liberites -Call for periodic meetings of EG better taxes, more ctrl of administration, unified weights & measures 4 trade & commerce, & a free press *Mostly demanded 4 equally rights of subjects -Ones that originated from nobility = not diff from 3rd estate -Agreed that = French gov needed reform -More equality in taxation & ect. -The ones before 1789 sowed that the 3 estates co-oped 4 their goals -But conflict happened instead -HS demands couldn't be discussed until Q of org and voting in EG was decided -a list of grievances presented to the king when the representatives of the Estates-General arrive at Versailles. -It criticized government waste, indirect taxes, church taxes and corruption, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy. -Included callings for frequent meetings of the Estates-General, more equitable taxes, more local control of administration, unified weights and measures to facilitate trade and commerce and a free press. -Demanded an equality of rights among citizens.

Estates General

-A medieval institution that had not met since1614. -All reps = men *Had 3 distinct groups -Called because of the political deadlock b/n French Monarchy VS Interests of Nobles VS Church -After it was summoned all 3 groups/estates rep'd fought w/ ea three states. -France's traditional national assembly with representatives of three classes in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. -Their calling in 1789 led to the French Revolution. Had not been convened since 1614. -Louis XVI, wishing for approval to issue taxes for all citizens, agrees to reconvene this assembly.

Jacques Necker

-A minister of finance -Dismissed on July 11 -Populous of Versailles -a Swiss banker who became the new royal director-general of finances. -He reported that a large portion of royal expenditures went to pensions for aristocrats and other royal court favorites. -This greatly angered court aristocratic circles, and he left office shortly after. -His financial sleight of hand made it difficult for government officials to raise taxes.

Declaration of Pillnitz

-Aug 27 1791 made from pressure of emigres *Austria and Prussia prmised to intervinein France to presertve the monarhcy and protet the royal fam -if other Euro powes agreed -taken srsly in France -Afraid that other countries would follow France's lead and begin revolutions, Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia issued this declaration in August 27, 1791, inviting other European monarchs to intervene on behalf of Louis XVI if his monarchy was threatened. -This declaration was meaningless, for Britain would not consent, but it created a large impact in France.

Mary Wollstonecraft

-Best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. -She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.

Olympe de Gouges

-Butchers daughter from Montauban in France -Became maj or revo radical in Paris -Composed Declaration of Rights of Women -Addressed to Queen Marie Antoinette -Mostly reprinted the declaration of the Rights of Man & Act -Added "Women" to many orig. clauses -Demanded that women be regarded as citz & not merely daughters, sis, wives % mems of citz -Outlined rights that let women own property -Required men to recognize peternity of their children -Called for equallity of sexes in marriage -Imposed edu. for women -Declaration illustrated how the simple listing of rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man & cit created a structure of uni-civic expectations even for those it didn't cover -A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. -In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. -Said that women should have the right to vote, hold office, own property, and serve in the military. -Demanded that men recognize the paternity of their child, and equality of the sexes in marriage and education. -She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

active citizens

-Citizens of France *Men paying annual taxes = to 3 days of local labor wages -Only they could vote for electors -Electors then voted for mems of legislature -There were qualifications to serve as as elector as mem of legislature -They were allowed to vote for electors who voted for members of the National Assembly.

assignats

-Dec 1789 -gov bonds in Dec 1789 -issued by the Constituent Assembly -value- gurarnteed by the reveue to begenerated from sale of Church property (confiscated church property and issued this paper money based on this land) -initially, was a limit to # of them to be used but they proved to acceptable to pub that they were later used as general currency -The Assembly decided to issue more to liquidate (reduce) debt and create a larger body of property owners -resulted in inflation and a decrease in value of this currency. -put stress on the urban poor -fluctuation in worth of this currency would plague the reco gov thro 1790

Third Estate

-Everywhere in kingdom (theoretically) -It's reps = mostly from wealthy mems of the commercial & professional middle classes -They made it clear that they wouldn't let the Monarchy and nobles decide the future of the Nation -Spokesmen of 3rd = more determined to assert their roles > from conflicts that emerged during the debates and elections -Abbe Sieyes said famous quote "What is the Third Estate?" -Aristocracy tried 2 things to try to limit it: 1. Assembly of notables demanded that each estate had "=" $ of rep's 2. Sept 1788 Parlement of Pns rled that voting in EG, each estate/ order should have 1 vote -Not equal individual -Wouldv'e ensures that 1 & 2 estates could out vote 5rd by a vote of 2 estates to 1 estate member -These 2 moves -Raised doubt of the nobles past claimed concern 4 French liberty Revealed it as a group hoping to keep its influence no matter what gov reforms would be enacted -Conducted by order rather than head -Peasants, artisans etc. -Every one not in the First or Second Estate. The aristocracy had made attempts to limit its influence. -Later on, the royal council "doubles the Third Estate" in 1778, giving them twice as many members as the other estates. -Its electors later form a citizen militia in 1789 after royal troops are made to guard Paris. -Forms the National Constituent Assembly.

Parlements

-French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobility. -Louis XIV had curtailed their power. -Louis XV's reign saw the reinstitution of the Parlement of Paris's right to allow or disallow taxes. -Were a judicial body.

Louis XVI

-Hoped to reassert role -Intended to call a "Royal session" of EG in June 23 -Closed room where National Assembly used to meet -The French king from 1774 to 1792 who was dethroned during the French Revolution and executed in 1793. -He inherited the debt problem left by his grandfather, Louis XV, and added to the crisis himself through heavy spending during France's involvement in the American Revolution from 1775 to 1783. -Because this massive debt overwhelmed all of his financial consultants, he was forced to give in to the demands of the Parlement of Paris and convene the Estates-General—an action that led directly to the outbreak of the Revolution. -Well-meaning, but weak and indecisive, he was deposed of in 1792 and executed a year later.

Women's March on Versailles

-October 5th -7,000 Parisian women marched on Versailles to protest lack of food (bread) and to bring the royal family back to Paris, where they would be closer to the heart of the problem. -armed with pikes, guns, swords and knives - king - intimidated and agreed to sanction decrees of the Assembly -Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and their son were brought to Paris, in which they became prisoners in their own capital city.

Bastille

-On July 13, 1789 crowds of Parisians marched here for weapons - a great fortress that held political prisoners therefore it symbolizes royal power -10 foot thick walls -98 ppl injured/killed -crowd released 7 prisoners -marked first of many journees- days where populace of Paris redirected course of Revo -in response to the arming of soldiers in local towns, peasants began to seize arms for the defense of the city as the king's armies moved toward Paris, and on July 14 several hundred people marched to this fortress in search of weapons and gunpowder. -A medieval fortress with walls ten feet thick and eight great towers each one hundred feet high, it had long been used to hold prisoners of war. -It was guarded by eighty retired soldiers and thirty Swiss mercenaries. -The governor of the fortress-prison refused to hand over the powder, panicked, and ordered his men to fire, killing ninety-eight people attempting to enter. -It marked the first of the many crucial events in which the populace of Paris redirected the course of the revolution. -After the downfall of this fortress, Louis XIV personally visits Paris to admit he lacks the ability to turn back the revolution.

National Constituent Assembly

-Second estate voted to join in June 19 by an narrow margin -Took Tennis Court Oath to cont to sit until they gave France a Constitution - but before they they should pub a statement of broad political principles: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Cit -composed of a majority of members drawn from all three orders, who shared liberal goals for the administrative, constitutional, and economic reform of the country. *established constitutional monarchy for France when it created the Constitution of 1791 -They favored a constitutional monarchy for government, rationalism in administration, unregulated freedom, and anti clericalism in religion. -middle class and nobles = united -Also sought to limit the impact of those with little property. -Abolishes ancient French provinces, to be replaced with departments. -wanted social equality -suppressed many of the old indirect taxes

second estate

-They consisted of the Nobles -they received special privileges and paid no direct taxes to the king

First Estate

-They consisted of the Roman Catholic Clergy -they received special privileges and paid no direct taxes

Mary Wollstonecraft

-Wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" - died of puerperal fever (Blood Poisoning) - accused Rousseau and others like him for trying to narrows women's vision and limit their experience. -Argued that to confine women to separate domestic sphere was to make them sensual slaves of men -In this separate sphere they were victims of male tyranny -Obedience = blind -They could never achieve own moral/intellectual identity -Denying good edu to women would impede progress of all humanity -Demanding for women liberties that the male writers of the Enlightenment wanted -Placed herself among philosophers -Broadened agenda of Enlightenment to include rights of women and men -British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." -Argued that to confine women because of physiology (bodily features) was to make them the sensual slaves to men, as well as victims to male tyranny. -Because of this, women may never achieve their own moral and intellectual identity. -Denying good education to women would impede the progress of all humanity, she argued.

Assembly of Notables

-drawn from upper ranks of the aristocracy and church, they met with French finance minister Calonne and refused his request to grant new taxes. -Instead, they demanded that the aristocracy be allowed greater share in direct governing of the kingdom, called for reappointment of Necker, and claimed they had no right to consent new taxes--the right lay in the Estates General of France.

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

-guaranteed equality before law... individual freedoms and rep. gov -drew on political lang of Enlightenment and Declaration of Rights -said all men = "born and remain free and = in rights" -natural rights: liberty. Property. Security. Resistance to oppression -gov exists to protect nat. rights -all citz are = before the law -due process of law and innocent until proved guilty - tax = equally according to capacity to pay -property = an inviolable and sacred right -Freedom of R -2 most powerful uni political ideas = 1. civic equality: challenged legal and social inequities of Euro lyf 2. popular sovereignty: assert that govs must be responsible to be gov'd -A decree granting basic rights to French citizens that was written in August 1789 before the French Revolution (1789-1799) as a preamble to France's constitution. -This French document established the popular sovereignty, meaning that the king derived his authority from the people of the nation rather than from divine right or tradition. -It proclaimed that "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights" and granted: - freedom of religion - freedom of press -equality in taxation -equality of all citizens before the law. -All citizens would hold office by either virtue or talent. -The innocent would remain as so until proven otherwise.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

-issued in 1790 By NCA -they didnt consilt Pope Pius VI nor French Clergy -Apprived by king with great reluctance *transformed the RC Church into branch of the secular state -reduced # of biships from 135-83 -1 diocese for each of the new dept -bishops and priests became elected as salaried officials. -major blunder of the NCA -bitteren relationships b/n French Church and State *Angrily opposed bby many b/n French Society and Church -Ended papal authority over the French Church and dissolved convents and monasteries. -Many bishops and priests refused to accept it -pope condemned it. -created crisis of concience andpolitical loyalty for all sincere Caths -government punished clergy who refused to support it -gulf opened between revolutionaries in Paris and the peasantry in the provinces. -NCA later ruled that clergy must take an oath to support it and only 7 bishops and 1/2 of lower bishops did -those who didnt were removed from jobs

Great Fear

-occurred from July 20 to August 5, 1789 in France at the start of the French Revolution. -movement that swept across much of French countryside -burning of chateaux- destruction of legal records and docs -refusal to pay feudal dues *peasants = determined to take possession of foods and land that they thought was rightfully theirs in the past c -they also were reclaiming rights and property they lost through administrative tightening of the collection of feudal dues during past c -vented anger vs the injustices of rural lyf -Rural unrest had been present in France since the worsening grain shortage of the spring, and the grain supplies were now guarded by local militias as bands of vagrants roamed the countryside. -Rumors spread among the peasantry that nobles had hired these vagrants to prey on villages and protect the new harvest from the peasants. -Led to the widespread destruction of manor houses and archives, and a refusal to pay feudal dues.

e

After the passage of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the Catholic Church in France was _________ the French Revolution. a. increasingly supportive of b. decreasingly supportive of c. cautiously supportive of d. openly supportive of e. openly hostile to

assignats

All of the following are true about _____________: 1. lost much of their value 2. backed by the value of church land 3. later issued without anything of value backing them up

finance

On July 11, 1789, Louis XIV dismissed Nicker, his minister of ______

Versailles

On October 5, 1789 some 7000 women marched on ____

c

The third estate included all of the following EXCEPT: a. peasants b. merchants c. minor clergy d. lawyers e. artisans

b

Representives to the Estates General brought cahiers de doleances a. proofs pf legitimacy b. lists of grievances c. invitations from the kinf d. tokens of respect for the monarchy e. traditional gifts to the court

Estates General

The following issues lay in the reconvening of the _________: 1. Organization: the number of representatives in each estate 2. Voting: would voting be by head or by estate?

c

The national constituent assembly: a. established deism as the state religion b. outlawed Christianity c. outlawed worker's associations d. established gender equality e. freed all slaes lving in France

active passive citizens

Under the constitution of 1791, the citizens of France were divided between _____ and _____