CH 1&2 TEST
Great League of Peace
An alliance of the Iroquois tribes, originally formed sometime between 1450 and 1600, that used their combined strength to pressure Europeans to work with them in the fur trade and to wage war across what is today eastern North America.
creoles
Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.
Virginia Company
Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Compare the different economic and political systems of Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands and France in the Age of expansion
- Spain had a colonial government headed by lawyers and bureaucrats; had an upper class that had a say in political views and laws and a lower class that were forced to be laborers. - Portugal was focused on economics, trading posts, factories, established plantations which replaced the native populations with thousands of slaves shipped from Africa. - Dutch & French focused on colonization, commercial ventures never attracted large numbers of colonists, more dependent on the Indians as trading partners and military allies, allowed the Native Americans greater freedoms than the English
How did Virginia and Maryland develop in their early years?
- Virginia became tobacco colony and later evolved into plantations - Maryland was established in 1632 as propriety colony, as a Catholic haven
John Winthrop
1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.
Act Concerning Religion (or Maryland Toleration Act)
A 1649 act by which all Christians were guaranteed the free exercise of religion.
What made the English settlement of New England distinctive?
A different social order emerged in New England, a religious movement known as "Puritanism." A term was initially coined by opponents to ridicule those not satisfied with the progress of the Protestant Reformation in England, who called themselves not Puritans but "godly" or "true Protestants."
reconquista
A long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain
metis
A person of mixed French-Canadian and Native American ancestry.
mestizos
A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory
borderland
A place between or near recognized borders where no group of people has complete political control or cultural dominance.
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
caravel
A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.
What were the major patterns of Native American life in North America before the Europeans arrived?
Before the Europeans arrived, the native population of North America consisted of numerous tribes with their own languages, religious beliefs, and economic and social structures. The Aztecs and Myians were the expection where they had centralized states. North American Indians lacked the technologies Europeans had mastered, such as mental tools and machines, gunpowder, and scientific knowledge for long distance navigation.
Anglican Church
Church of England
Black Legend
Concept that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit
Pequot War
Conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut
Ninety-Five Theses
Document written by Martin Luther and posted on a church door in Germany that listed 95 things that Luther saw wrong with the church
enclosure movement
During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes.
John Smith
English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia
Describe who chose to emigrate to North America from england in the 17th century and explain their reasons
English settlers came as indentured servants. They were looking for liberty and freedom and to stay away of economic instability in Europe commonly.
Compare and contrast European values and ways of life with those of the Indians. Consider addressing religion, views about owneship of land, gender relations, and notions of freedom.
Europeans believed in Christianity while the Indians believed in spirituality and supernatural forces and Animism. Europeans believed the Indians were worshiping false Gods and idolizing inanimate things. Europeans believed in "real property" and ownership of specific land while Indians believed that the land was not owned by anybody but as long as it was maintained and cared for then the right to the land rested in the hands of the caretaker. In marriage, Europeans believed that the husband was the head of the household while the wife assumed a submissive role and had very little say in decisions dealing with household matters. The Indians practiced opposing beliefs where it was normal for the woman to take on a more independent role and was able to perform labor jobs, engage in pre-marital sex, and even divorce her husband. Indians really did not have a concept of liberty while Europeans believed that liberty was the benefit of law or laws.
How did Indian and European ideas of freedom differ on the eve of contact?
Europeans viewed the Indians as not having "freedom" because they did not worship the correct higher power, did not have land ownership, their women worked in the fields alongside or instead of the men, and did not have civilized or christian gender roles. Indians viewed "freedom" as in land shares, no hierarchy of a real established government or borders, free to come and go as you please, and no structure of centralized religion, although many of the tribes worshiped a higher power in a similar way, which included wind, water, and nature-like "Spirits"
Bartolome de Las Casas
First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.
captivity narratives
First-hand accounts written by settlers who had been held captive by Indian tribes; New England leaders advocated for the publication of such narratives in order to discourage colonists from being attracted to Indian life.
What were the chief features of the French and Dutch empires in North America?
French - emphasis on the fur trade rather than agricultural settlement, the viability of New France depended on friendly relations with local Indians. The French prided themselves on adopting a more humane policy than their imperial rivals. Dutch -rapidly accumulated wealth and achievements in painting, philosophy, and the sciences. Invented the joint stock company, a way of pooling financial resources and sharing the risk of voyages, which proved central to the development of modern capitalism The French and Dutch settlements allowed Native Americans greater freedom than the English
What were the main factors fueling the European Age of expansion?
God, Glory, Gold, finding trade routes
Pilgrims
Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.
English Liberty
Idea that the English king was subject to the rule of law and that all free persons should enjoy security of person and property.
indentured servants
Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor
Half-Way Covenant
In 1662, Puritans permitted the baptized children of church members into a "half-way" membership in the congregation and allowed them to baptize their children; they still could not vote or take communion.
In what ways did the economy, government, and household structure differ in the New england and Chesapeake colonies?
In New England colony, most of the citizens were middle class. Only church members are in the government. Only a few indentured servants. religion played a role in strengheting in the community and families went to the area help strengetened the community.In the Chesapeake colony, there was a wide range from really poor to really rich. Don't have to be a church member to be in the government. Too many indentured servants because of tobacco.
dower rights
In colonial America, the right of a widowed woman to inherit one-third of her deceased husband's property.
Describe how the idea of the "Black Legend" affected subsequent policies and practices of Spain as well as those of the Netherlands and France.
Inspired a sense of superiority among Spain's European rivals and it drove rivals to try and match Spain's success. The establishment of Spain's American Empire transformed the balance of power in the world economy.
How did the English Civil War affect the colonies in America
It caused a division between loyalists of English Parliament and free English colonies.
Describe the different global economies that Europeans participated in or created during the European age of expansion
It created a global economy that relied on the goods of its colonies, it got free labor from slaves and imported goods and crops from its colonies in the Americas. Countries in Europe became wealthier and stronger as it expanded its borders. This was called the Columbian Exchange in which the cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds exchange plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.
Aztec
Lived in Mexico before Cortes claimed the land for Spain
Great Migration
Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs.
Pueblo Revolt
Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt
headright system
Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
Mayflower Compact
Pilgrims/Separatists agreement: agreement to obey laws created by the community and a profession of allegiance to the king
What impelled European explorers to look west accross the Atlantic?
Profit and piety- the desire to eliminate Islamic middlemen and win control of trade for Christian western Europe- combined to inspire the quest for a direct route to Asia.
Dissenters
Protestant whose views and opinions differed from those of the Church of England
What were the main contours of English colonization in the 17th century?
Seventeenth-century North America was an unstable and dangerous environment. Diseases decimated Indian and settler populations alike. Colonies were racked by religious, political, and economic tensions and drawn into imperial wars and conflict with Indians. They remained dependent on the mother country for protection and economic assistance
Compare the political, economic, and religious motivations behind the French and Dutch empires with those of New Spain
Spain: inspired by search for wealth, national glory, and the desire to spread Catholicism. French: wanted to find gold and a At-Pac passage. Fur trading. Dutch: Northwest passage to India. Fur-bearing animals and indians willing to trade. Freedom of press and religion. Came to trade not conquer.
hacienda
Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these.
conquistadores
Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires.
Compare and contrast settlement patterns, treatment of the Indians, and religion of the Spanish and English in the Americas
The Spanish followed plantations and mining, but the English followed two different patterns of settlement that were plantations in Chesapeake and Carolinas and family farms in New England and Middle Colonies. For the Spanish colonists, it continued to mistreat Indians as the Spanish Empire expanded in the Americas. the Spanish were seeking gold, and they used every way to get it. for the English Colonists, it cruelly treated Indians because they desired to exploit Indians' resources. they both introduced Christianity to Natives, and tried to convert them with education, particularly to the young.
What obstacles did the English settlers in Chesapeake overcome?
The colony's (tobacco producing) leadership changed repeatedly, its inhabitants suffered an extraordinarily high death rate, and, with the company seeking a quick profit, supplies from England proved inadequate.
Describe why the "discovery" of America was one of the "most important events recorded in the history of mankind" according to Adam Smith
The discovery of America is one of the most important events in the history of mankind. The discovery of America kick started an interaction between continents- the American continent and Europe. It also set afoot an exchange of commodities between the continents; "Crops new to each hemisphere crossed the Atlantic" (1). This exchange brought about mixing of diverse cultural cuisines. Also ''the development of American colonies brought the era of splendor and glory" (2). The discovery of America brought hope for a better life and an end to poverty. The Europeans sought to solve the issues of religious liberty and equality through the discovery of America. These idealistic aspirations inspired the discovery of America. Some more examples are seen in the text, "They searched the New World for golden cities and fountains of eternal youth" (2). In spite of its misfortunes, the discovery of America has enough benefits to be one of the most important events in the history of mankind.
What were the main sources of discord in early New England?
The main sources discord in early New England was disruptive religious controversies, relations with Native Americans. The languages and the constant wars between the Natives and Puritans, and the language differences caused them to have a bad relationship with each other.
Roanoke colony
The unsuccessful first attempts at colonizing North America in 1585, ending with their mysterious disappearance
What happened when the peoples of the Americas came in contact with Europeans?
They began to die of disease
How would European settlers explain their superiority to Native Americans and justify both the conquest of Native Islands and terminating their freedom ?
They justified their conquest through the spread of Christianity and claimed to be freeing the Native Americans. Although the Native Americans were already free by their own means.
For English settlers, land was the basis of independence and liberty. Explain the reasoning behind this and how it differed from the Indians' conception of land.
This want for land by the settlers, made them treat the men with land with more esteem. Consequently, Men with lands weren't made slaves and this made Land the basis of liberty. settlers who owned lands and Indians who retained the ownership of their lands were free and allowed to vote. This describes the power of land as the basis of liberty for the English settlers. The Indians believed, unlike the English settlers, that their land was given to them by The Great Spirit with a mandate to take care of it. They embraced collective ownership of land.
Uprising of 1622
Unsuccessful uprising of Virginia Native Americans that wiped out one-quarter of the settler population, but ultimately led to the settlers gaining supremacy.
House of Bugesses
Virginia assembly, the first representative assembly in the American colonies
How did the expansion of the British empire affect the freedoms of Native Americans, the Irish, and even many English citizens?
When the Europeans arrived in America and began to colonize the area, the Indians were displaced and began to rely heavily on European goods in order to survive. The Irish were abused and discriminated against socially and lawfully. Finally the English citizens were used for labor, to become colonists, and to farm.
How did the tobacco economy draw the Chesapeake colonies into the greater Atlantic world?
because there was an extremely high demand for it and a commodity that all of the world wanted. it also required labor so they needed slaves which got them even more involved in trade with foreign places.
Tenochtitlan
capital city of the Aztec empire, on which modern-day Mexico City was built
Considering politics, social tensions, and debates over the meaning of liberty, how do the events and aftermath of the English Civil war demonstrate that the English colonies in North America were part of a larger Atlantic community?
colonists began to have some of the same concerns with the english government which bonded them together.
Describe the factors promoting and limiting religious feedom in the New England and Chesapeake colonies.
king of British thought religious must be unity, and imposed people to belief and follow the religious that the king thought it was the standard. However, the new king Charles decided the name of unity religious was the Church. Rodger Williams led a group of people who belived in the freedom of religion and liberty of speech. They thought no one should impose others to change faith and religion.
What were the chief features of the Spanish empire in America?
large empire, more resources and more power established a legal document that people had to agree to when coming into the empire. included the most populous parts of the New World and the regions riches in natural resources. Government- Authority originated with the king and flowed downward through the Council of the Indies- the main body in Spain for colonial administration. Catholic Church also played a significant role in the administration of Spanish colonies, frequently exerting its authority on matters of faith, morals, and treatment of the Indians.
repartimiento system
required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises. PROBLEM- abused workers due to sense of urgency and exploitation
One of the most striking features of Indian societies was their diversity. Support this with examples.
tribes had own language an society. They worked more as separate communities rather than a nation. different cultures, housing, hunting tools, and reloigion between tribes.