Ch 2-4 test review

John Locke

(1632-1704) English philosopher who maintained that "natural law" called for a government resting on the consent of the governed and respecting the "natural rights" of all -> ppl find justification for revolution against tyrannical monarchies, like those governing Great Britain and France writings rationalized revolutionary movements to overthrow unsatisfactory governments - a powerful justification for revolution appeared in 1690 when he published his "Two Treatises on Government" which had an enormous impact on political thought in the colonies (Glorious Revolution) - rejected the traditional "divine" right of monarchs to govern with absolute power - insisted that people are endowed with NATURAL RIGHTS to life, liberty, and property + it was the need to protect those "natural" rights that led ppl to establish governments in the first place - when rulers failed to protect the property and lives of their subjects, he argued that the ppl had the right (in extreme cases) to overthrow the monarch and change the gov - one of the earliest and most important of the Enlightenment thinkers - became famous for his work "two treatises of government" in which he explained the basis of political obligation and justified revolution - social contract theory

"Common Sense"

- Revolutionary War well under way in January 1776 when THOMAS PAINE provided the Patriot cause with a stirring pamphlet titled THIS - unit it appeared, most colonists had directed their grievances at the british Parliament -> only a few colonists then considered independence an option - paine directly attack british monarchy - "common sense" of the matter was that King George II had caused the rebellion + americans should abandon the british monarchy and declare independence: "the blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, 'tis time to part" - only by declaring independence could the colonists gain the crucial support of france and spain: "The cause of America is in great measure the cause of all mankind." Paine added that the "sun had never shone on a cause of greater worth." = popular pamphlet written by thomas paine attacking british principles of hereditary rule and monarchical government and advocating a declaration of American independence inspired the colonial population from massacusetts to Georgia, helping to convince british subject still loyal to the king to embrace the radical notion of independence ("work a powerful change in teh minds of men")

First Continental Congress

- September 5, 1774: 55 delegates assembled in Philadelphia (never before had all teh colonies met to coordinate resistance to British policies) - over seven weeks, THIS endorsed teh Suffolk Resolves, then adopted a Declaration of American Rights - said "we demand no new rights. we ask only for peace, liberty, and security" - adopted the Continental Association of 1774 = recommended that every colony organize committees to enforce a new and complete boycott of all imported British goods, a dramatic step that would be followed by a refusal to send American goods to Britain + designed to show that patriots could deny themselves what Samuel adams called the "Baubles of Britain" in order to demonstrate their commitment to colonial liberties and constitutional rights -> county and city forming the Continental Association became the organizational network for the resistance movement - it was better to be a slave to the king than to a Patriot mob - thousands of ordinary men and women participate in boycott of brit goods + their sacrifices on behalf of colonial liberties provided the momentum leading to revolution: they are the ones who enforced boycott, volunteered in patriot militia units, attended town meetings, and exerted pressure on royal officials in teh colonies - "we have always believed that the people are the fountain of power"

the Enlightenment

- a revolution in thought begun in Europe in the 17th century that emphasized reason and science over the authority and myths of traditional religion = most significant of the new European ideas circulating in 18th-century American grew out of this burst of innovative activity (aka AGE OF REASON) + greatly accelerated the rate of intellectual change - celebrated freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, scientific research, political liberty, and individual freedom - sought truth rather than remain content with dogmas passed down through the ages or taken from the Bible + use power of REASON to analyze the workings of nature - Immanuel Kant: "Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own understanding" - native optimism about human progress = one of most important beliefs of this - notion of political freedom = cultural movement during 18th century which challenged the authority of the church in science and philosophy while elevating the power of human reason: tell ppl they can explain what the church couldn't thru thought and reason - ppl used to look to church for everything (but church cant explain every natural phenomenon) -> used to think God was explanation for everything

New France

- began in 1605 when the enterprising soldier-explorer Samuel de Champlain, the "Father of New France" (first European to explore and map the Great Lakes) founded Port-Royal in Acadia, along the Canadian Atlantic coast - 3 yrs later -> Champlain established a settlement at Quebec, to the west, along the St. Lawrence River - governed by Champlain on behalf of trading companies exploiting the fir trade with the Indians and fishing off the Atlantic coast until his death in 1635 (trading companies sponsored his voyages in hopes of creating a prosperous commercial colony) - 1627: French gov ordered that only catholics could live here + harsh winter climate -> restrict growth - French spent far more money maintaining its north American colony than it gained from teh furs and fish sent to france for sale - young trappers and traders lived with indigenous peoples to learn their languages, customs, and ways of war, marry indian women, serve as ambassadors of HERE (survive only by befriending the native peoples) = coureurs des bois - always remain essentially FUR TRADING OUTPOST

Pontiac's Rebellion

- colonists began squabbling over indian-owned lands west of teh Appalachian mountains that the French had ceded to the Britain in teh treaty of paris + native American leaders (who weren't allowed to participate in negotiations leading to the treaty of paris) shocked to learn that French had "given" their ancestral lands to british: "as soon as you conquered the French, you did not care how you treated us" + treated "like slaves" -> fight back = widespread Indian attacks in teh spring and summer of 1763 called THIS bc of the prominent role played by the inspiring Ottawa chief = a series of native American attacks on british forts and settlements after france ceded to teh british its territory east of the Mississippi river, as part of the Treaty of PAris without consulting Frances's native American allies -> british official eventually negotiated an agreement with the Indians that allowed British troops to reoccupy the frontier forts in exchange for a renewal of the fur trade - Chief Pontiac stressed: Indians steadfastly denied british claims to their territory under teh terms of teh treaty of paris: "French never conquered us, neither did they purchase a foot of our Country, nor have they a right to give it to you" - The war began in May 1763 when Native Americans, offended by the policies of British General Jeffrey Amherst, attacked a number of British forts and settlements. - Eight forts were destroyed, and hundreds of colonists were killed or captured, with many more fleeing the region. - Hostilities came to an end after British Army expeditions in 1764 led to peace negotiations over the next two years. - Native Americans were unable to drive away the British, but the uprising prompted the British government to modify the policies that had provoked the conflict. -> british response = had not come as a surprise to the British, who knew that settlers had been moving into native territory since 1758. - British officials were anxious to avoid a further costly conflict because they could not afford another expensive war and many of them owned shares in the fur trading business and did not want to interrupt the trade. - They decided that the best solution was to restrict western settlement until new treaties could be signed with the natives.

Sugar Act

- grenville's effort to enforce various navigation acts posed serious threat to new eng's prosperity bc making rum out of molasses (sweet syrup made from sugarcane) had become quite profitable, especially if the molasses could be smuggled in from Caribbean islands still controlled by the French -> generate more money from colonies = Grenville put thru the AMERICAN REVENUE ACT of 1764 (aka THIS) which cut the tax on molasses in half: believe would reduce the temptation to smuggle French molasses or to bribe royal customs officers = added new duties (taxes) on other goods (sugar, wines, coffee, spices) imported into America - Grenville estimated that the new revenues generated by THIS would help pay for "the necessary expenses of defending, protecting, and securing, the said colonies" -> Parliament (for the first time) adopted a policy designed to raise REVENUES from the colonies and not merely to REGULATE trade with other nations - colonists claimed that THIS taxed them w/out consent bc they had no elected representatives in Parliament (brit officials argued that Parliament's power was absolute and indivisible) if the American accepted parliamentary authority in ANY area, they had to accept its authority in EVERY area, including taxation

Boston Tea Party

- in Massachusetts, the Committees of Correspondence, backed by Boston merchants, alerted colonists that the British gov was trying to purchase colonial submission with cheap tea - reduction in price of tea = clever trick to make them accept taxation without consent - in boston: enraged Patriots decided that their passion for liberty outweighed their love for tea -> December 16, 1773: scores of Patriots disguised as Indians boarded three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped overboard 342 chests filled with 46 tons of east india company tea = demonstration against the tea act of 1773 in which the sons of liberty dressed as Indians dumped hundreds of chests of british-owned tea into boston harbor response: - king and his advisers convinced that a forceful response required: make an example of Boston -> "the colonists must either submit or triumph" + "we are now to establish our authority (over the colonies) or give it up entirely" -> his assertion of royal control helped make a revolution

Jonathan Edwards

- prominent Congregationalist minister in the western Massachusetts town of Northampton (one of foremost preachers of great Awakening) + known for his incendiary rhetoric (vivid descriptions of the sufferings of hell and the delights of heaven) that provoked spiritual guilt and fear of the afterlife in his followers - one of America's most brilliant philosophers and theologians - named minister in 1727 of the Congregational church in Northampton - shocked at town's lack of religious conviction - claimed that the young ppl of Northampton were preoccupied with sinful pleasures; they indulged in "lewd practices" that "corrupted other" + Christians had become obsessed with making and spending money - warned that the rebellious new ideas associated with the Enlightenment were eroding the importance of religious life - attacked Deists for believing that "Go has given mankind no other light to walk by but their own reason" - resolved to restore the emotional side of religion to counteract the secularizing forces of teh Enlightenment - judge the power of religious awakening by observe "it was no longer the Tavern" that drew local crowds "but the Minister's House"

Declaratory Act

- stamp act repealed by parliament in feb 1766 - to save face, parliament also passed this act = asserted the power of Parliament to govern the colonies "in all cases whatsoever"

Albany Conference

= British officials in America, worried about war with the French and their indian allies, hastily organized a meeting of delegates from teh northern colonies as far south as Maryland -> 21 representatives from seven colonies gathered in Albany, in upstate NY = first time that a large group of colonial delegates had met to take joint action - Disputes with France over the Ohio River Valley in the 1750s resulted in the British government urging its colonies to work together in preparing for the inevitable conflict. - They hoped that the colonists could arrange an agreement/alliance with the Iroquois Nation who controlled the western territory of New York. - In response, seven colonies sent representatives to meet with 150 Iroquois leaders at Albany, New York, in June 1754. - Colonists wanted to move West past the Appalachian mountains and claim the Ohio River Valley ○ There are a lot of natives in that area = anticipation that there's going to be a fight - He french have a pretty positive relation with the natives, they're buds - We asked Iroquois for alliance ○ Iriquois refused to form aalliance w the British ○ But they decided that if fighting does break out the'll remain neutral - result: The Iroquois refused to join an alliance with the British however, they did agree to remain neutral + The colonies agreed that Britain should appoint one supreme commander of all British troops in the colonies

Coercive Acts

= Four parliamentary measures that required the colonies to pay for the Boston Tea Party's damages: closed the port of Boston, imposed a military gov, disallowed colonial trials of British soldiers, and forced the quartering of troops in private homes - 1774: Lord North convinced Parliament to punish rebellious boston by enacting a cluster of harsh laws = THESE - referred to by americans as teh INTOLERABLE ACTS -> colonists rallied to help Boston, raising money, sending supplies, and boycotting as well as burning British tea -> Tomas Jefferson suggest that June 1, the effective date of the Boston Port Act, become an official day of fasting and prayer in Virginia (in Williamsburg when the Virginia Assembly met in May) -> royal gov responded by dissolving the Virginia Assembly, whose members retired to the Raleigh Tavern where they decided to form a Continental Congress to represent all teh colonies more effectively in the with Great Britain Samuel Savage: "Whether we shall or shall not be governed by the British Parliament"

Townshend Acts

= Parliamentary measures to extract more revenue from the colonies; the Revenue Act of 1767, which taxed tea, paper, and other colonial imports, was one of the most notorious of these policies (most hated of the new colonial laws: posed an even more sever threat than Grenville's taxes had done, for Townshend planned to use the new tax revenues to pay the salaries of the royal governors in the colonies) + bitter legacy of Charles Townshend - July 1766: King George III replaced Lord Rockingham with William Pitt -> for a time, guiding force in the Pitt ministry was the witty but reckless Charles Townshend (treasury chief whose "abilities were superior to those of all men and his judgement (common sense) below that of any many") - Townshend determined to extract more revenue from teh colonies in order to pay for the costs of governing and defending them, pushed his ill-fated plan thru parliament - John Adams observed that his plan would make the royal governors "independent of the people" and distrust "the balance of power which is essential to all free governments"

(Royal) Proclamation of 1763

= Proclamation drawing a boundary along the Appalachian mountains from Canada to Georgia in order to minimize occurrences of settler-Native American violence -> colonists/white settlers ("our loving subjects") forbidden to go west of the line so that Indians would not be "molested or disturbed" on their ancestral lands (issued by King George III) = drew imaginary "proclamation line" - for first time: royal officials has curtailed American territorial expansion - british gov sent 10000 soldiers to enforce the new boundary line + ensure that the former French colonists in Canada didn't cause trouble (but impossible to enforce -> land-hungry settlers continued to push across the Appalachian ridges into indian country) -> 1767: whites were "making more encroachments on their Country than ever they had before" first of several efforts by the British gov after the French and indian war to increase its control over the colonies (efforts would spark revolution) - King George issued THIS in early October which drew a line from the north to south along the Appalachian Mountains and declared that British colonists could not settle west of the line without the government's permission. - This enraged settlers and speculators, who wanted access to land.

Declaration of Independence

= formal statement, principally drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the second continental congress on July 4, 1776, that officially announced the 13 colonies' break with Great Britain + crucially important not simply bc it marked the creation of a new nation but bc of the ideal it expressed - June 1776: Thomas Jefferson wrote a first draft of a statement of independence that was submitted to teh congress (Thomas Jefferson of Virginia wrote the Declaration of Independence in a collaborative effort with the Committee of Five (John Adams of Massachusetts, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, and Robert R. Livingston of New York). Adams and Franklin were the main editors.) - asserted that "all men are created equal" in having the right to maintain governments of their own choosing - Governments, in Jefferson's words, derive "their just Powers from the consent of the people," who are entitled to "alter or abolish" those governments when they deny citizens their "unalienable rights" to "life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness." - Because King George was trying to impose "an absolute Tyranny over these States," the "Representatives of the United States of America" therefore declared the thirteen "United Colonies" to be "Free and Independent States."

Treaty of Paris (1763)

= settlement between great Britain and France that ended the French and Indian War (signed in February 1763) -> victorious Britain took ownership of several profitable French "sugar island" colonies in teh West Indies, most of the French colonies in India, and france's North American possessions east of the Mississippi River: Canada and what was then called Spanish Florida - compensation to Spain for loss of Florida: treaty gave Spain control over vast Louisiana Territory, including New Orleans and all French land west of the Mississippi River more territory was transferred from teh vanquished to the victors after the French and Indian War than any other war before or since (British gain most of North America + Spanish gain Louisiana Territory) - After a number of years of fighting against both the French and their Spanish allies, the British won what was known as the French and Indian War. = ended the fighting in 1763, and with the exception of a few offshore islands, eliminated French power in North America. - New France became a part of the British Empire, as did all of Louisiana east of the Mississippi except for New Orleans. - In order to get Cuba and the Philippines back, Spain gave Florida to Britain. - French cant come back

Stono Rebellion

A slave uprising in South Carolina that was brutally quashed, leading to executions as well as a severe tightening of the slave codes (1739) - some 20 slaves attacked a store in South Carolina, south of Charleston -> killed the owner, seized weapons, and headed toward freedom in Spanish-controlled Florida, gathering more recruits along the way - slaves in this had killed 25 whites within a few days -> militia caught up with them - most of rebels killed + some 60 more captured by enraged planters who "cut of their heads and set them up at every Mile Post"

social contract theory

A voluntary agreement between the government and the governed the view that persons' moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live John Locke -> power of the government to rule us comes from us + We agree to be governed bc we trust that the gov will protect our life, liberty, and property (natural rights we all have)

George Whitefield

Another influential figure of the Great Awakening: Anglican preacher who made several trips to America to spread his religious sentiments + attract large crowds w/ diversity of age, sex, class - The Great Awakening began in earnest when this Anglican minister began preaching in Philadelphia in 1739. = a powerful speaker, warned listeners about the dangers of listening to preachers who had not been born again. - This created a great deal of tension within colonial congregations, causing them to split into factions. - However, the end result was a return to spirituality on a very major scale throughout the colonies.

Atlantic Fringe

- In effect the PROCLAMATION would have created an THIS America, inwardly blocked by an Indian interior. - That was anathema to the colonies - it destroyed their future, at a stroke and was a cardinal British error - it made no sense and it looked like a deliberate insult to American sensibilities. end result: the Great Proclamation in short was not a practical document. it enraged and frightened the colonists without being enforceable

French King Louis XIV

- changed struggling new france into a royal colony led by a governor-general who modeled his rule after that of the absolute monarchy in 1663 (made new france fully subject to the French king but colonists had no political rights or elected legislature + public meetings no held without official permission) - solidify New France: he dispatched soldiers an settlers during the 1660s, including shiploads of young women (King's Daughters) to be wives for the mostly male colonists - awarded large grants of land (seigneuries) to lure aristocratic settlers

Second Constitutional Congress

- colonial resistance movement had grown into an outright rebellion , but some still considered themselves british subjects whose rights had been repeatedly violated by an arrogant king and a misguided parliament - convened at Philadelphia on May 10, 1775: delegates gathered under a british flag + most americans in 1775 still wanted parliament to restore their rights so that they could go back to being loyal British colonist - American militia units ("army") lacked an organized command structure and effective support system -> June 15, 1775, THIS unanimously selected George Washington to lead new national professional army: - his service in the French and Indian War had made him one of the few experienced American officers - he looked like a leader: tall and strong, he was a superb horseman and fearless fighter - he accepted the new responsibility but refused to be paid + to have refused the request to command the Revolutionary forces, he explained to his wife, "would have reflected dishonor upon myself" and "given pain to my friends."

Join, or Die cartoon

- first American political cartoon - appear on May 9, 1754 in te Pennsylvania Gazette - widely circulated political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin that urged the colonies to unite against the french - 20 yrs later: French became an ally of the colonies and British became the primary threat to American liberty

Tea Act

- new British prime minister Lord North soon provided the colonists with the spark to ignite colonial resentment - 1773: he tried to bail out the struggling East india Company, which had in its british warehouses some 17 million pounds of tea that it desperately needed to sell before it rotted -> Parliament pass THIS to allow the company to sell its tea directly to America without paying any taxes -> British tea merchants could undercut the prices charged by their American competitors, most of whom were smugglers who brought tea from teh Dutch

coureurs des bois

- runners of the woods - woodsmen who pushed into the forested regions around the great lakes and developed a flourishing fur trade with te indians

Sons of Liberty

= first organized by Samuel Adams in the 1770s, groups of colonists dedicated to militant resistance against british control of the colonies (protesters) = emerged in every colony, often meeting beneath "liberty trees" (boston = great elm + Charleston, south Carolina = live oak) - in NY: they erected "liberty poles" as symbols of their resistance - Patrick Henry: convince assembly to pass the "Stamp Act Resolutions"

Quebec

Algonquian word meaning "where the river narrows"

- decided that Grenville was violating their rights in several ways: Were the troops there to protect the colonists or to scare them into obedience - argued that British citizens had the right to be taxed only by their elected representatives in Parliament, but americans had no such representatives -> british leaders replied that the colonists enjoyed VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION (idea that the American colonies, although they had no actual representative in Parliament, were "virtually" represented by all members of Parliament) by all members of Parliament acting in the national interest -> William Pitt dismiss Grenville's concept of "virtual representation" as "the most contemptible idea that entered into the head of a man"

describe the Whigs' point of view

- The plan was rejected by the colonies' legislatures, which never were jealous of their powers, and by the Colonial Office, which wanted a military command. - Much of the elements of the plan were later the basis for the American governments established by the Articles of Confederation of 1777 and the Constitution of 1787. - Franklin speculated that had the 1754 plan been adopted, the colonial separation from England might not have happened so soon. - this idea was rejected - franklin was ahead of his time

describe the rejection of the Albany plan of union

creating both a deep sense of spiritual guilt and a yearning for redemption

how did the Great Awakening make religion intensely personal

meaning: - It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. - Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, the Great Awakening made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality - This revival had particular appeal to women, who constituted the majority of the converts. (bc church is a patriarchy + no female rules in church) -> telling women that they are good enough and that they can find God in themselves - just need good PERSONAL relationship w God -> no need church, just need you (emphasizing an individual's relationship w God) reaction: - In New England, the Great Awakening was a reaction to declining religious fervor and the ideas of the Enlightenment. - The spiritual leader in New England was Mass. preacher and philosopher Jonathan Edwards, who aimed to restore spiritual intensity through repentance (individual bc YOU have to be sorry for OWN sins) and conversion (to be "born again"): born again in Christ otherwise God angry -> his rhetoric and sermons have lasting impression on listener

meaning and reaction to Enlightenment

Navigation Acts

mercantilist assumptions prompted Oliver Cromwell to adopt the first in a series of THESE intended to increase England's control over its colonial economies = restrictions passed by Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system worked as planned over time: by 1700, English had surpassed the Dutch as the world's leading maritime power

slave code "black code"

ordinances passed by a colony or state to regulate the behavior of slaves, often including severe punishments for infractions allow whites to abuse blacks, both verbally and physically

mercantilism (the british system)

policy of England and other imperial powers of regulating colonial economies to benefit the mother country: political and economic policy (oliver Cromwell's Puritan army's 1651 victory over the monarchy -> Oliver Cromwell = England's new ruler -> embraced THIS instead of statutory neglect: what the British officials exercised informal british policy during the first half of the 18th century that allowed American colonies the freedom to pursue their economic and political interests in exchange for colonial obedience) government controlled all economic activities in an effort to strengthen national power (key industries regulate/taxed/"subsidized" or supported by payments from teh gov) supported the creation of global empires

In the 1700s many American colonists embraced a European religious movement called pietism, which stressed an INDIVIDUAL's piety and an emotional union with God. - Throughout the colonies, ministers spread the message of pietism (which originates in Germany) through revivals (large public meetings) - which came to be known as the Great Awakening. - The movement was very anti-establishment. - traveling preachers (modern version: megachurch)

rise of religion in the colonies describe spreading the message (Great Awakening)

access to the great inland rivers that led to teh heartland of the continent and the valuable pelts of fur-bearing animals: beaver, otter, mink bc of geography + deliberate policy: it remained during the 18th century a vast region traversed by a mobile population of traders, trappers, missionaries, and mainly Indians + won native American allies against the more numerous british americans by building closer bonds and encroaching far less upon native American lands (for well over a century: native americans would determine the military balance of power within north America)

what was New france's advantage over british

scientific revolution in the early 16th century in which the ancient Christian view that the God-created earth was at te center of the universe, the sun revolving around it, was overthrown by controversial heliocentric solar system described by Nicolaus Copernicus

what was the Enlightenment triggered by

emergence of women who defied the biblical injunction against speaking in religious services (for all the turbulence created by the revivals, churches remained male bastions of political authority)

what was the Great Awakening's most controversial element

economic and religious liberty

what were the reasons for American colonization

Albany Plan of Union

At the urging of Pennsylvania's Benjamin Franklin, the Albany Congress (June 19 - July 11, 1754) approved THIS: called for eleven colonies to band together, headed by a president appointed by the king = a failed proposal by the seven northern colonies in anticipation of the French and Indian War, urging the unification of the colonies under one Crown-appointed president - each colonial assembly would send two to seven delegates to a "grand council" which would have legislative powers - Union would have jurisdiction over indian affairs - too radical for the time - colonial legislatures, eager to maintain their powers, and british officials, who wanted simply a military alliance against Indian attacks, rejected it - Benjamin Franklin later maintained that THIS, had it been approved, may have postponed or eliminated the eventual need for a full-scale colonial revolution - had lasting significance in that it would be the model for the form of governance (Articles of Confederation) created by teh new American nation in 1777 -> when fail, the British gov decided to force a showdown with the "presumptuous" French in North America - The Albany delegates spent most of their time debating Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of Union to create a unified level of colonial government. - The delegates voted approval of a plan that called for a union of 11 colonies, with a president appointed by the British Crown. - Each colonial assembly would send 2 to 7 delegates to a "grand council," which would have legislative powers. The Union would have jurisdiction over Native affairs. - Franklin said it'd b very difficult to have their 13 separate governments ○ Said each assembly should just send a representative - Franklin's trying to create a national government

Stamp Act

February 13, 1765: Parliament passed THIS which required colonists to purchase stamped paper for virtually every possible use: newspapers, pamphlets, bonds, leases, deeds, licenses, insurance policies, college diplomas, even playing cards - was to go into effect Nov 1 (9 months later) - especially important bc it affected all the colonists, not just New England merchants and shippers, and it was the first effort by Parliament to place a direct (or "internal") tax specifically on American goods and services rather than an "external" tax on imports and exports NO ONE SUPPORTED + "this single stroke has lost Great Britain the affection of all her colonies" -> "NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION (in parliament" - 3 months before act was to take effect, angry mob (Bostonians) plundered the homes of the royal lieutenant governor and the royal official in charge of enforcing the stamp tax -> Boston stamp agent resigned + stamp agents throughout the colonies were hounded out of office -> by effective starting date, act was dead

Customs Reform

Following the conclusion of the Seven Years' War, British officials had the opportunity to assess the functioning of North America as part of the emerging empire. American merchants had traded openly with the enemy during the conflict and smuggling appeared to be the rule rather than the exception. The welfare of the empire was playing second fiddle to local interests, particularly in the New England colonies. Further, the customs service — the royal agency charged with responsibility for collecting duties — was woefully inept. The cost of running the customs bureaucracy far exceeded its collections. George Grenville, a leading financial expert of the time, became prime minister in the fall of 1763. In an effort to bring some order to the chaotic functioning of the customs service, he instituted the following reforms: Customs commissioners were required to live in North America. Previously these officials continued to enjoy the delights of London or the English countryside while dispatching a functionary to the colonies to perform the duties of the office. These low-paid substitutes were notoriously inattentive and corrupt. The Royal Navy was empowered to act as customs agents in American waters. It was hoped that expanding the reach of collections agents would curtail the rampant smuggling operations. Authorization was given for the use of writs of assistance to aid in locating contraband.

Quebec Act

INTOLERABLE ACTS - Set the new authority/ governance of the Province of Quebec (made effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec, in North America) - it expanded the province of Quebec to the Ohio River Valley on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west (set new boundaries), established Roman Catholicism as the official Quebec religion (gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom), and set up a government without a representative assembly (reinstated the use of French civil law for private matter, kept British Law for criminal punishment and public administration -> Quebec had independent power to govern itself) - Implementation of this act is often recognized as a source of increased American resentment towards British rule in North America (Americans enraged) - Religious radicals in the colonies feared the growth of Catholicism - Fear of Parliamentary supremacy - proved to American colonists what they already believed—the British were not afraid to restrict colonial governments, in order to secure their possessions in North America - The fear of a resurgent Roman Catholic France in North America was one of the prime reasons that early in the War for Independence, the Americans would invade Quebec in an effort to end the threat once and for all. (Helped spur American colonists towards independence)

race-based slavery

Institution that uses racial characteristics and myths to justify enslaving a people by force = normal aspect of everyday life in an imperfect world

Writs of Assistance

It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that THESE violated their rights as British citizens.

the Gaspee incident

June 1772: a naval incident further eroded the colonies' fragile relationship with the mother country: near warwick, rhode island, the HMS Gaspee, a british warship, ran aground while chasing suspected smugglers, and its hungry crew went ashore and seized local sheep, hogs, and chickens -> angry crowd from the town then boarded the ship, shot the captain, removed the crew, and set fire to the vessel symbolized the intensity of anti-British feelings among growing numbers of americans -> when british tried to take the suspects to London for trial, patriots organized in protest - Thomas Jefferson said that it was the threat of transporting Americans for trials in Britain that reignited anti-British activities in virginia

French and Indian War

May 1756: Britain and France formally declare war = the last and most important of four colonial wars between England and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi River - known as THIS is North America - known as SEVEN YEARS' WAR in Europe

that all goods going to and from teh colonies be carried ONLY in English-owned ships built in England (law intended to hurt the Dutch who had developed a flourishing business shipping goods between America and Europe: Dutch shippers charged much less to transport goods than English + actively encouraged smuggling in the American colonies as a means of defying the navigation acts -> war between England and Netherlands by 1653 = first of three naval conflicts that erupted between the two protestant rivals)

What id the Navigation Act of 1651 require

Stamp Act Resolutions

asserted yet again that the colonists could not be taxed without first being consulted by the British government or represented in the British Parliament by their own elected representatives.

the clumsy British efforts to tighten their regulation of colonial trade, the restrictions on colonists eager to acquire western lands, the growing tax burden, the mounting debts to British merchants, the lack of American representation in Parliament, and the role of revolutionary agitators such as Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry in stirring up anti-British feelings.

causes of the revolution

need enforce economic regulations on the colonies as a means of reducing the crushing national debt caused by war (brit gov inc taxes to fund military expenses) + Brit leaders thought it only fair that the americans should pay more of the expenses for administering and defensing the colonies -> Americans argue that the various Navigation Acts restricting their economic activities were already a form of tax on their liberties (eventually leads to revolution)

describe British policies and their perceived impacts

- French established colonies in North America at the same time as the English (France never invested the people or resources in North America that the English did) - bitter rivalry fed France's desire to challenge the English presence in the Americas by establishing Catholic settlements in teh Caribbean, Canada, and the region west of the Appalachian Mountains - NEW FRANCE

describe French settlement of America

- new Brit gov led by GEORGE GRENVILLE began to grapple w the huge debts accumulated during the war along with the added expenses of maintaining British troops in America - he insisted that the americans (whom he called the "least taxed people in the world") pay for the british soldiers defending them - targeted the large number of American merchants who engaged in smuggling to avoid paying taxes on imported goods - British warships target American smugglers americans went on a buying binge, eager to purchase latest fashionable items from brit and france, and preferred buying from smugglers bc cheaper -> Grenville ordered colonial officials to tighten the enforcement of the navigation acts + dispatched warships to capture American smugglers (new taxes and regulations)

describe Grenville's Colonial Policy

effects: - became world's first truly global conflict and became a clash between the Protestant and Catholic nations, a conflict eventually fought on four continents and three oceans around the globe - it would redraw the political map of the world (including north America) - new British king: October 25, 1760: war still going on + King George II died -> untested new king to the throne: George III: inexperienced and had been despised by grandpa George II = initially shy and insecure -> turned into strong-willed leader -. oversaw the military defeat of France and Spain, which made Great Britain the ruler of an enormous world empire (within 3 years of his ascension to throne: Brit became largest, richest, most powerful empire in the world) treaty: Treaty of Paris (1763)

describe Treaty and Effects of French and Indian War

colonists: someone living in the 13 colonies (most came from England, and all were considered "British subjects") many of the first were jobless and landless in england -> found their way to America, already in the early 17th century viewed as a land of opportunity in all 13 colonies: - colonists enjoyed more political participation then their European counterparts - colonists were heathier and enjoyed a better standard of living - colonists enjoyed more social and economic mobility (no titled nobility)

describe economic liberty (self-improvement)

Mainly in southern colonies - - demand for labor to work tobacco farms was high - 1619: a dutch vessel brought the first 20 slaves to the area - slavery start within 1st 12 years of settlement -> v much engrained - while slavery existed in all 3 regions, it took the greatest hold in the south bc of the need for farm labor indentured servant: many others came to america as THIS - 7 years commitment -> eventually no longer work - agreed to work for a certain length of time in exchange for passage to the colonies (slavery more wanted bc permanent workers) southern colonies economy (slave trade): slavery soon provided much of the labor in the south + as the demand for slaves took hold, the slave trade became part of the Southern economy believed that God determined one's "station in life" -> slavery considered a "personal misfortune" dictated by God rather than a social evil driven by high profits and justified by a pervasive racism ("backwardness" of Africans and Indians)

describe indentured servitude and slavery

- Americans opposed to the Stamp Act knew that the mot powerful form of leverage they had against the British was economic -> colonists demonstrate resolve and put pressure on Brit merchants to ask Parliament to change its American policies by signing (by the thousands) nonimportation and nonconsumption agreements, promising not to import or buy a long list of goods produced in Britain - "save your money and save your country!" + patriots must buy only American-made goods - especially effective tactic because American consumers had become a major boon to the British economy during the 18th century , going ever more deeply into debt to buy the latest in british fashion and conveniences -> now this profitable trade was at risk -> London merchants side w americans against proposed stamp act bc scared of losing their profitable business w their overseas customers - united whigs from diff communities and diff colonies - enabled women to play a significant public role resistin brit's new colonial policies (Daughters of Liberty) + participate in public "spinning circles" or "spinning bees" -> "homespun": "industry and frugality of American ladies" were "enabling the political salvation of the whole continent" - new form of political protest + way to restore their own virtue = boycott of british goods (primary cause of America's problems = "luxury and extravagance" brought on by their freewheeling purchases of british goods) helped American restore their "frugality, industry, and simplicity of manners" + plain living soon became sign of American patriotism

describe nonimportant agreements

Massacusetts had long been the center of resistance to british authority + crowds frequently heckled the soldiers, many of whom earned the abuse by harassing and intimidating americans - march 5, 1770: 2 dozen boston rowdies began taunting Hugh White, Brit soldier guarding the Custom House -> someone rand the town fire bell, drawing larger crowd to the scene as tauntin continued: "Kill him, kill him, knock him down. Fire, damn you, fire, you dare not fire?" -> squad of soldiers arrived to help White, but the surly crowed surrounded them -> someone drew club and knocked soldier down -> he arose and fired musket -> other joined - sent shock waves throughout the colonies and all the way to London - impact of a revived colonial boycott of british imported goods persuaded Lord North to modify the Townshend Acts -> april 1770: parliament repealed all the Townshend duties except for the tea tax -> colonial discontent diminished for two years thereafter -> redcoats left Boston, but they remained stationed nearby in Canada, and the british navy still patrolled the new England coast chasing smugglers = violent confrontation between british soldiers and a boston mob on march 5, 1770, in which five colonists were killed

describe the Boston Massacre and responsehad

- British American delighted with outcome of war - Great Britain had reached the "summit of earthly grandeur and glory" - British now controlled most of the continent of North America - loss of Louisiana left France with no territory on the continent + british power reigned supreme over north America east of the Mississippi river challenges from spectacular military success: - Brit's national debt double during war - cost of maintaining the north American empire, including the permanent stationing of thousands of British soldiers in the colonies, was staggering - Britain now had to manage half-billion acres of new colonial territory in North America - in assuming control of a vastly larger North American empire, the British would soon find themselves at war with own colonies

describe the impact the French and indian war had on Britain in particular

- Jonathan Edwards delivered his most famous sermon: "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" which was designed in part to frighten people into seeking salvation - reminded Massachusetts congregation that hell is real and that God "holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect, over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked. He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire"

describe the peak of the great awakening (1741)

- most significant conflict between Britain and France in North America that ended with a decisive British victory (unlike the three previous wars between Brit and France and their allies) - sparked by competing claims over the Indian lands in the vast Ohio Valley = "most fertile country of America": both governments believed that whichever nation controlled this area would come to control the entire continent because of the strategic importance of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers - French pushed south from Canada and built forts in upstate NY and western Pennsylvania to defend their interest in the Ohio Valley -> Virginia militia officer Major George Washington sent by virginia governor to warn the French to leave the area when learned of the French forts: made way of foot, horseback, canoe, raft over 450 miles to FORT LE BOEUF + demanded that the French withdraw from the Ohio Country -> French captain refused -> washington go home - months later: George Washington (now lieutenant colonel) went back to ohio country leading 150 volunteers and Indian allied to build a fort where the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers converged (later Pittsburgh) -> so-called Forks of the Ohio was the strategic gateway to teh vast western territory west of the Appalachian Mountains + both sides determined to control it - 2 months of difficult travel -> Washington discover French soldiers already built Fort Duquesne there + made camp abt 40 miles from them - next day: Virginians ambushed a French scouting party, killing 10 French soldiers = first fatalities in what would become the French and Indian War = GLOBAL CONFLICT THAT WOULD BECOME A FINANCIAL AND IMPERIAL DISASTER FOR THE FRENCH - George Washington and his troops, reinforced by more Virginians and British soldiers dispatched from South Carolina, hastily constructed a crude circular fort = Fort Necessity (later attacked by French on July 3, 1754) -> Battle of Great Meadows -> Washington surrender -> french now in undisputed control of the ohio country - ignite massive world war: "the volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire" -> Braddock's Defeat - inspired by news of Braddock's defeat, Indians allied with the French attacked Americans living on isolated farms throughout western Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia

describe the start of the French and Indian War

the Great Awakening

during the early 1730s, a widespread sense of religious decline and the need for "rebirth" helped spark a series of emotional revivals known as this = emotional religious revival movement that swept the 13 colonies from teh 1730s through the 1740s (great blessing or mas enthusiasm) (religious response to enlightenment: New idea of explaining w human reason and though and not just God is the answer to everything -> a lot of ppl reject ppl they don't understand) - began in southern colonies and quickly spread up the Atlantic coast to New England + whole towns were swept up in te ecstasy of renewed spiritual passion - unlike the enlightenment (which affected primarily the intellectual elite) the evangelical energies unleashed by THIS appealed mostly to the masses -> "Never did the people show so great a willingness to attend sermons. religion is become the subject of most conversation" = first popular movement before the American Revolution that affected all 13 colonies + helped create ties across the colonies that would later help coordinate revolutionary activities against the british gov subsided by 1750 implanted in American culture the evangelical impulse and the emotional appeal of revivalism, weakened the status of the old-fashioned clergy and state-supported churches, and encouraged believers to exercise their won judgement + heightened the need for toleration of dissent

- France (nation governed by inept king: Louis XV) entered the war without excitement, fought with little distinction, and emerged battered, humiliated, and bankrupt - when war began: british had smaller army bur 3 times as many warships - by the end: French had lost nearly 100 warships, and british had captured more than 64000 sailors - 1759: war reached its climax with a series of british triumphs on land and at sea: most decisive British victory at Quebec (capital of French Canada) -> war in North America dragged on until 1763 - South: fighting flared up between Carolina settlers and Cherokee nation -> force of Brit regulars and colonial militia broke Cherokee resistance in 1761 - most of fighting in Europe, where Great Britain's allies, especially Prussia, and the nations allied with France and Spain ( primarily Austria, Sweden, Russia) ravaged each other

how did the French and indian war become the seven years' war

- both cut across the mainland colonies and thereby helped bind them together - both emphasized the power and right of individual decision-making - both aroused hopes that America would become the promised land in which people might attain the perfection of piety or reason, if not both - both helped nurture an American commitment to individual freedom and resistance to authority that would play a key role in the rebellion against british "tyranny" in 1776 - both weakened the authority of the established churches and their ministers - While the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening had very different origins, both movements served to emphasize the individualism that supported American independence. - The Great Awakening undermined allegiance to traditional authority and allowed colonists to see themselves as something other than just local for the first time. - Used to do what "the man" has told u to do -> now questioning and saying that can be individua in faith -> start questioning other things

how were the Enlightenment and the Awakening similar

(1) by providing silver and gold as well as the raw materials (furs, fish, grains, timber, sugar, tobacco, indigo, tar, etc.) needed to supply food, build ships, and produce goods (2) by creating a captive market of colonial consumers who would be forced to buy goods created in the home country (3) by relieving social tensions and political unrest in the home country, because colonies could provide a new home for the growing numbers of poor, unemployed, and imprisoned (4) by not producing goods that would compete with those produced in the "home country."

in what ways was it assumed that colonies enriched nations

- The cost of achieving victory was enormous for Great Britain which had borrowed extensive amounts of money for the war and was now in serious debt. - Many in Britain felt the colonists, who had benefited from the war, should help pay for the war, especially the cost of stationing British troops in the colonies. - The policies adopted by the homeland to solve its financial problems angered the colonists and set them on the road to confrontation.

new issues in the wake of peace

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

proclaimed once again the rights of americans as british citizens and denied Parliament's authority to regulate internal colonial affairs

Navigation Act of 1662 (Staples Act)

required that ALL shipments of goods from Europe to America must first stop in England to be offloaded and taxed before being sent on to the colonies

Committees of Correspondence

response to Gaspee incident: Samuel Adams in Boston organized THIS to address American grievances, assert American rights, and form a network of rebellion Massachusetts Loyalist called them "the foulest, subtlest, and most venomous serpent ever issued from the egg of sedition" = crisis escalate = "the flame is kindled and like lightening it catches from soul to soul" reported Abigail adams (high-spirited and politically astute wife of future president john adams)

Navigation Act of 1660

specified that certain colonial products such as tobacco were to be shippe ONLY to England or other English colonies

- argued that a monarch's right to rule came from teh people -> sovereignty (source of power) rests with the people and not the crown - asserted that all ppl were born with certain natural rights, including right to life, liberty, property - According to Locke, before governments were created, man lived in a "state of nature", where their rights were not safe. - In order to protect those rights people came together and mutually agreed to create a government (social contract). (if only looking out for ourselves, no human advancements but no human advancements happens without gov protection) - They agreed to obey the government's laws, and the government agreed to uphold their rights in return. locke claimed that monarchs were parties to this contract, and if they violated the people's rights, the people were justified in overthrowing the monarch and changing the system of government sin: - In Locke's Essay on Human Understanding, he argued that contrary to what the Church taught, people were not born sinful. (original sin) - He theorized that mans' mind was a BLANK SLATE (born blank) that could be shaped by society and education, making people better. (no need repent for past sins, just need live better lives)

what did John Locke argue in terms of natural rights and sovereignty state of progression monarchs sin

natural laws applied to social, political, and economic relationships, and ppl could figure out these natural laws if they employed reason (John Locke say can apply natural laws to other stuff to predict human reactions) emphasis on logic and reasoning was known as rationalism

what did enlightenment thinkers believe

developing the confidence and capacity to think for oneself, to think critically rather than simply accepting what tradition or ministers dictated as truth

what did it mean to be enlightened to Benjamin franklin

to call themselves Patriots or Whigs, a name earlier applied to British critics of royal power, and to label the king and his "corrupt" government ministers and Parliamentary supporters as Tories, a word meaning friends of the king.

what did the American who opposed british policies begin to all themselves and what did they label the king and his "corrupt" government ministers and Parliamentary supporters

undermined many of the established churches by emphasizing that individuals, regardless of wealth or social status, could receive God's grace without the guidance of their local ministries + gave ppl more religious choices

what did the Great Awakening also do besides save souls

influenced the American revolution and set in motion powerful currents that still flow in American life

what did the emotional awakening like its counterpart (the rational enlightenment) do?

Presbyterians -> "old side" critics of revivalism and "new side" supporters Congregationalists -> "old light" and "new light" factions - Oldlights: love the old rituals (old preachers and old ministers + stuck in old ways/tradition) - Newlights: followers to the great awakening (being born again in Jesus and excited about individual relationship w God) Johnathan Edwards: we are "like two armies separated and drawn up in battle array, ready to fight one another"

what major denominations fractured during the Great Awakening

American point of view not based on a common ancestry, a shared religion, or even a common culture -> American perspective involved defending certain essential principles and practices: self-government, equality of economic opportunity, religious freedom, and territorial expansion all these values threatened by Parliament's determined efforts to tighten control over its colonies after 1763

what was the difference between the American rather than british point of view

come from human ignorance of te rational laws of nature

where did Diests believe evil came from