Ch 2 Sociological Research Methods

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Experiment

a carefully designed situation in which the researcher studies the impact of certain variables on subject's attitudes or behavior

Variable

a concept whose value changes from case to case

Interview

a data-collection encounter in which an interviewer asks the respondent question and records the answers

Ethnography

a detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people by researchers who may live with that group over period of years

Hawthorne Effect

a phenomenon in which changes in a subject's behavior are caused by the researcher's presence or by the subject's awareness of being studied

Survey

a poll in which the researcher gathers facts or attempts to determine the relationships among facts

Questionnaire

a printed research instrument containing a series of items to which subjects respond

Cause and Effect

a relationship by which change in one variable causes change in the other

Correlation

a relationship by which two or more variables change together

Correlation

a relationship that exists when two variables are associated more frequently than could be expected by chance

Participant Observation

a research method in which researchers collect systematic observations while being part of the activities of the group being studied

Secondary Analysis

a research method in which researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others

Survey

a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or an interview

Participant Observation

a research method in which the investigator systematically observes people while joining in their routine activities and conducting interviews

Interview

a series of questions that a researcher administers in person to respondents

Random Sampling

a study approach in which every member of an entire population being studied has the same chance of being selected

Experiment

a systematic controlled examination of cause and effect

Research Method

a systematic plan for conducting research

Dependent Variable

a variable that is assumed to depend on or be caused by the independent variable(s)

Independent Variable

a variable that is presumed to cause or determine a dependent variable

Unstructured Interview

an extended, open-ended interaction between an interviewer and an interviewee

Probability Sampling

choosing participants for a study on the basis of specific characteristics, possibly including such factors as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment

Reliability

consistency in measurement

Experimental Group

in an experiment, the group that contains the subjects who are exposed to an independent variable (the experimental condition) to study its effects on them

Control Group

in an experiment, the group that contains the subjects who are not exposed to the independent variable

Hypothesis

in research studies, a tentative statement of the relationship between two or more concepts

Respondents

persons who provide data for analysis through interviews and questionnaires

Validity

precision in measuring exactly that which one intends to measure

Spurious

related to a correlation, an apparent, although false, relationship between two or more variables cause by some other variable

Qualitative

research involving impression and understandings

Quantitative

research involving numerical collection of data

Research Methods

specific strategies or techniques for systematically conducting research

Field Research

the study of social life in its natural setting; observing and interviewing people where they live, work, and play

Content Analysis

the systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life

Independent

the variable that causes the change in another variable

Dependent

the variable that is changed by another variable


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