Ch 20 PET

Cardiac output is determined by________. a. heart rate b. stroke volume c. cardiac reserve d. both a and b

. both a and b (heart rate, stroke volume)

The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the front of the heart is the anterior _____ sulcus

1nterventricuIar

This area is known as the pacemaker of the heart. a. AV node b. SA node c. bundle of His d. purkinje fibers

SA node

The stimulus for the heart's rhythmic contractions comes from _________. a. intercalated discs b. acetylcholine c. a neuromuscular junction d. a pacemaker potential

a pacemaker potential

What is the nature of acetylcholine's inhibitory affect on heart rate? a. acetylcholine induces depolarization in the sinoatrial node b. acetylcholine causes closing of sodium channels in the sinoatrial node c. acetylcholine causes opening of fast calcium channels in contractile cells d. acetylcholine causes opening of potassium channels in the sinoatrial node thereby hyperpolarizing it

acetylcholine causes opening of potassium channels in the sinoatrial node thereby hyperpolarizing it

The density of blood vessels supplying the myocardium may be increased by

aerobic exercise

The blunt tapered inferior portion of the heart is the _____ of the heart.

apex

The bundle of His is located here a. interatrial septum b. interventricular septum c. floor of the right atrium d. apex of the heart

interventricular septum

The greatest decrease in ventricular pressure occurs at this time. a. isovolumetric contraction b. isovolumetric relaxation c. ventricular systole d. ventricular filling

isovolumetric relaxation

What purpose does the coronary circuit serve? a. none: it is a vestigial set of vessels b. it delivers 1/20 of the body's blood supply necessary to support heart function c. it delivers blood to the anterior lung surface for gas exchange d. it feeds the anterior thoracic wall

it delivers 1/20 of the body's blood supply necessary to support heart function

Predict what would happen to the end systolic volume (ESV) if contraction force were to increase. a. it would decrease b. it would increase c. it would remain constant d. ESV is not affected by contraction force

it would decrease

The bulk of the heart is found to the _____of the body midline.

left

The anterior interventricular artery, the left marginal artery and the circumflex artery are branches of the

left coronary artery.

The artery that exits the aorta and then divides into the circumflex artery, the anterior interventricular artery,and a marginal artery is the

left coronary artery.

A heart murmur would be detected when blood is heard flowing from the ________ to the __________ through the ___________. a. right atrium... right ventricle , tricuspid valve b. right atrium... left atrium , tricuspid valve c. left ventricle... left atrium , bicuspid valve d. left atrium... left ventricle , bicuspid valve

left ventricle ---to the---- left atrium---- through the ----bicuspid valve

Along with other organs, the heart is located in the _____,the midportion of the thoracic cavity.

medrastinum

Cardiac muscle is found in which layer of the heart? a. endocardium b. myocardium c. epicardium d. pericardium

myocardium

Of the following structures of the heart wall, which consumes the most energy? a. epicardium b. myocardium c. endocardium d. serous pericardium

myocardium

The layer of the heart wall that gives it the ability to contract is called the?

myocardium

The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate by: a. releasing norepinephrine b. opening sodium gates c. closing sodium gates d. opening potassium gates

opening potassium gates

The outermost part of the serous pericardium is the

parietal pericardium.

The inner lining of the pericardiaI cavity is the _____ pericardium whereas the outer part of the heart wall is called the epicardium or the _____ pericardium.

parietal, visceral

All of these structures can be identified in the ventricles except: a. trabeculae carneae b. papillary muscles c. pectinate muscles d. chordae tendinae

pectinate muscles

The name of the internal ridges of myocardium found in the right atrium and auricle are the

pectinate muscles.

The _____ cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium.

pericardiaI

The serous fluid called fluid fills the pericardia! cavity and lubricates the membranes, allowing the heart to beat with minimal friction

pericardiaI

The _____ is a double-walled sac enclosing the heart.

pericardium

An increase in heart rate by the sympathetic nervous system is a: a. positive inotropic effect b. negative inotropic effect c. positive chronotropic effect d. negative chronotropic effect

positive chronotropic effect

Blood flow during ventricular filling is most dependant upon a. pressure changes b. pumping action c. concentration gradient d. conduction system

pressure changes

Semi lunar valves

prevents blood from flowing from arteries into the ventricles

Av valve

prevents blood from flowing from ventricles to the atria

Blood is transported from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange and returned it to the left atrium of the heart by the _____ circuit while blood is transported from the left ventricle to supply the tissues of the body with oxygen and nutrients by the _____ circuit

pulmonary, systemic

Nerve impulses are directly supplied to the papillary muscles by the: a. SA node b. purkinje fibers c. AV node d. bundle of His

purkinje fibers

The pulmonary circuit receives blood from the side of the heart and the systemic circuit receives blood from the _____side of the heart.

right , left

The anterior surface of the heart consists mostly of this chamber. a. right atrium b. left atrium c. right ventricle d. left ventricle

right ventricle

The upper chambers of the heart are divided from each other by the

rnteratrial septum

Blood is prevented from flowing back into the left ventricle by the: a. semilunar valve b. tricuspid valve c. chordae tendinae d. mitral valve

semilunar valve

The visceral and parietal pericardium is collectively called the _____ pericardium.

serous

In a normal heart, which of the following structures is responsible for setting the heart's pace? a. sinoatrial node b. atrioventricular node c. atrioventricular bundle d. Purkinje fibers

sinoatrial node

The primary inputs to the heart by the cardioinhibitory center are primarily found in the ___________. a. sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node b. Purkinje fibers c. the cardiac contractile fibers d. bundle of His

sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node

anterior interventricular branch

supplies blood to the anterior part of the heart.

left marginal artery

supplies blood to the laterial wall of the left ventrical

circumflex artery

supplies blood to the posterior wall of the heart

The lub-dup heart sounds heard during auscultation of the heart are associated with: a. the SA node firing b. the heart valves opening c. the heart valves closing d. blood flowing from the atria to the ventricles

the heart valves closing

Blood is carried to the heart by these vessels. a. arteries b. veins c. auricles d. capillaries

veins

The left and right pulmonary _____ empty into the left atrium

veins

All four heart valves are closed during this time. a. all of ventricular systole b. all of ventricular diastole c. ventricular ejection d. isovolumetric contraction

ventricular ejection

The epicardium (the serous layer of the pericardium) is also called the:

visceral pericardium

It is important to know the location of the heart for

• applying leads for ECG • listening to heart sounds • body temperature readings

What vessels empty into the right atrium?

• inferior vena cava • coronary sinus • superior vena cava

Right Coronary artery

• posterior interventricular artery • Right marginal artery

The groove that encircles the heart near its base separating the atria from the ventricles is th2 _____ sulcus.

coronary

The blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the left side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery is the

great cardiac vein.

The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the back of the heart is the posterior _____ sulcus.

interventricular

During which part of the cardiac cycle would pressure in the ventricle be at its lowest? a. mid diastole b. isovolumetric contraction c. ventricular ejection d. late systole

mid diastole

All oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the: a. pulmonary artery b. pulmonary veins c. Aorta d. vena cavae

pulmonary veins

The cardiac vein drains the right margin of the heart and empties into the coronary sinus.

small

List the layers of the heart wall and the pericardium in order beginning with the deepest structure

1. Endocardium 2. Myocardium 3. Visceral pericardium 4. Pericardia! Cavity 5. Parietal pericardium 6. Fibrous pericardium

What are the small flaplike projections on the atria called?

Auricles

Atrial repolarization occurs during this period of time seen on an EKG. a. P wave b. QRS complex c. T wave d. ST segment

QRS complex

The entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized during this time on an EKG. a. ST segment b. QT interval c. QRS complex d. T wave

ST segment

Atrial systole occurs _______ with regard to the firing of the sinoatrial node. a. before b. after c. simultaneously d. alternately

after

The plateau portion of the action potential in contractile cardiac muscle cells is due to a. an increased potassium permeability. b. an influx of calcium ions. c. an influx of sodium ions. d. exit of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

an influx of calcium ions

Blood being pumped out of the left ventricle enters the: a. pulmonary artery b. aorta c. coronary sinus d. vena cavae

aorta

The right and left coronary arteries arise from the

aorta.

A direct connection between two arteries that provides an alternate route of blood flow if blockage occurs is called an

arterial anastomosrs.

The chambers of the human heart are the right and left _____ and the right and left _____

atnum, ventricles

Cardiac muscle cells share similarities with skeletal muscle cells. Which of the following is not a similarity? a. cardiac muscle cells are innervated by a nerve ending b. calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum c. cardiac muscle cells contain sarcomeres d. contractile cardiac muscle fibers become depolarized when sodium ions enter the cytoplasm

cardiac muscle cells are innervated by a nerve ending

The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute is called: a. stroke volume b. cardiac output c. cardiac reserve d. end diastolic volume

cardiac output

These structures prevent prolapse of the atrioventricular valves. a. chordae tendinae b. crista terminalis c. trabeculae carneae d. intercalated discs

chordae tendinae

Deoxygenated blood from the myocardium enters the right atrium through the: a. cardiac veins b. coronary arteries c. coronary sinus d. superior vena cava

coronary sinus

In the posterior coronary sulcus is a large vein called the which collects venous drainage from all of the coronary veins and drains into the right atrium.

coronary sinus

The three vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium are the _____ and the superior and inferior _____.

coronary sinus, vena cava

The ridge that separates the pectinate muscles from the smoother part of the atrial wall is called the

crista termmalis.

Blood flow through the coronary circulation increases during ventricular

diastole

Why is high blood pressure damaging to the heart? a. during high blood pressure, the blood is more viscous and harder to pump b. the heart rate slows down to dangerously low levels if blood pressure is too high c. due to increased afterload, the left ventricle must contract more forcefully to expel the same amount of blood d. sodium content increases during high blood pressure. Sodium is toxic to the myocardium

due to increased afterload, the left ventricle must contract more forcefully to expel the same amount of blood

Your heart seems to "pound" after you hear a sudden, loud noise. This increased contractility is a. because you were startled. b. because when a gasp of surprise is emitted, the Frank-Starling law of the heart is evident. c. due to norepinephrine-mediated increases in contractile cardiac cell intracellular calcium promoting enhanced cross-bridge binding. d. because acetylcholine release is inhibited.

due to norepinephrine-mediated increases in contractile cardiac cell intracellular calcium promoting enhanced cross-bridge binding.

The most important factor for stretching cardiac muscle is: a. heart rate b. end systolic volume c. end diastolic volume d. stroke volume

end diastolic volume

Predict what happens to end diastolic volume when an increase in heart rate is not accompanied by an increase in contractility. a. end diastolic volume is increased b. end diastolic volume is decreased c. end diastolic volume is unchanged d. end diastolic volume is not affected by heart rate

end diastolic volume is decreased

Hypertension can decrease cardiac output by directly causing an increase in: a. end systolic volume b. end diastolic volume c. stroke volume d. all three volumes are increased

end systolic volume

The _____ is the layer that lines the inner chambers of the heart.

endocardium

The outermost layer of the heart wall is called the

epicardium

True or false: The coronary circulation is made up of all of the systemic blood vessels.

false (Correct. The coronary circulation pertains to the heart so it consists of the blood vessels within the heart tissue)

The tough,outer connective tissue layer of the pericardium is called the

fibrous pericardium.

The depression in the interatrial septum that marks the former location of the fetal opening is the

fossa ovalis.

The presence of intercalated disks between adjacent cardiac cells causes the heart to behave as a/an _____________. a. single cell b. contractile myofibril c. desmosome d. functional syncytium

functional syncytium

For what type of heart condition might a doctor prescribe calcium channel blockers? a. depressed heart rate b. heart irritability c. heart murmur d. weak heart rate

heart irritability

The organ that separates pulmonary and systemic circulation and maintains the flow of blood through the circuits is the

heart.

An increase in end diastolic volume would have which effect on cardiac ouput. a. increase b. decrease c. no effect d. varies from person to person

increase

The "lub-dup" heart sounds are produced by a. the wall of the atria and ventricles slapping together during a contraction. b. the blood hitting the wall of the ventricle and arteries respectively. c. "lub" corresponds to the closing of the atrioventricular valves and "dup" corresponds to the closing of the semilunar valves. d. "lub" corresponds to the closing of the semilunar valves and "dup" corresponds to the closing of the atrioventricular valves

"lub" corresponds to the closing of the atrioventricular valves and "dup" corresponds to the closing of the semilunar valves.

The adult heart averages __grams

250-300

Coronary blood releases about _____of its oxygen to cardiac muscle under resting conditions

70%

In terms of blood flow, why is it important that atrial diastole occurs just as ventricular systole begins? a. blood is continually propelled in a forward motion down its pressure gradient b. the atria need that time to prepare for the next contraction c. ventricular systole pulls the remaining 20% of blood volume from the atria d. blood would flow too fast otherwise

blood is continually propelled in a forward motion down its pressure gradient

The majority (80%) of ventricular filling occurs ___________. a. during late ventricular systole b. passively through blood flow alone c. with atrial systole d. both a and b

both a and b (during late ventricular systole, passively through blood flow alone)

Which of the following structures is an exception to the general principle surrounding blood vessel oxygen levels? a. pulmonary artery b. aorta c. pulmonary veins d. both a and c

both a and c (pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins)

The major ionic change that initiates the rising phase of the autorhythmic cell action potential is __________. a. potassium ion exit b. sodium ion entry c. calcium ion entry d. calcium ion exit

calcium ion entry

The Frank-Starling law of the heart can be demonstrated when a in individual takes a deep breath. This is because a. the heart expands during inhalation. b. the negative intrathoracic pressure induces a larger than normal venous return to the right atrium, thereby stretching the wall of the right ventricle. c. sympathetic impulses are sent to the heart during inspiration. d. both a and c

the negative intrathoracic pressure induces a larger than normal venous return to the right atrium, thereby stretching the wall of the right ventricle.

The principle of complementary of structure and function is evident when examining the coverings of the heart. In what way is this relationship evident? a. the pericardium surrounds the heart b. the epicardium and visceral layer of the pericardium are synonymous c. the pericardial cavity surrounds the heart d. the visceral and parietal membranes of the pericardium are smooth and slide past each other providing a low friction environment for heart movement

the visceral and parietal membranes of the pericardium are smooth and slide past each other providing a low friction environment for heart movement

Predict the nature of an ECG recording in the event the atrioventricular node becomes the pacemaker. a. there would continue to be a normal sinus rhythm b. the P wave would be much larger than normal c. there would be a junctional rhythm 40-60 beats slower than a sinus rhythm d. the T wave would be much smaller than normal

there would be a junctional rhythm 40-60 beats slower than a sinus rhythm

The internal ridges of myocardium seen in the ventricles are called

trabeculae carneae

This valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle. a. mitral b. tricuspid c. bicuspid d. semilunar

tricuspid