Ch. 20: The Industrial Revolution Vocab & Questions

Fritz Harkort

A Prussian entrepreneur who set up shop building steam engines in the Ruhr Valley but also incurred substantial financial losses

Seperate spheres

A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner

Tariff Protection

A government's way of supporting and aiding its own exonomy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products

Class-consciousness

Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes

How did industry grow in continental Europe?

Belgium lead continental Europe in adopting British Technology for production

Why did Britian claim to be the "workshop of the world"?

Britain produced two-thirds of the world's coal and over half of all iron and cloth

Why did the British look to coal as an alternative to wood in the iron industry?

Britain's iron industry began to stagnate and they wanted to compete with Russia. Coal had been used in Britain as a source of heat for centuries, and it was also used in industry to provide heat for making common goods

What challenges did continental Europe face in competing with Britain?

British goods were cheap and dominated world markets, British technology was exceedingly intricate, steam power was expensive, and laborers resisted working in factories

Combination Acts

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalists over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824

What forces were responsible for the spread of industrialization?

British technicians and skilled workers and talented entrepreneurs from other countries

Mines Act of 1842

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten

Luddites

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work

William Cockerill

He and his sons illegally slipped out of Britain and began building cotton spinning equipment in Belgium in 1799

How were Malthus and Ricardo proved wrong?

Industrialization improved productivity beyond what anyone could imagine

James Nasmyth

Invented the steam hammer, the forerunner of the modern pile driver

What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution?

It changed work patterns, transformed the social class structure and the way people thought about class, and eventually altered the balance of power in Europe. The only event that equals it in significance is the development of agriculture. Even though the rate of progress was slow, it inaugurated a period of sustained and continuous economic growth. It allowed poverty to recede and population to grow. This event allowed western nations to gain dominance over the rest of the world.

Why was the coal-burning steam engine the Industrial Revolution's most fundamental advance in technology?

It made possible the production of more coal, replaced waterpower in factories, and made the British iron industry explode.

What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1852?

Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by poulation growth

Clermont

One of the first commercial steam ships

Frederich List

Strong proponent of government support for industrialization. He believed manufacturing was a primary means of reducing poverty and that it was dangerous to not industrialize. Supported creation of a customs union in the German lands, or "Zollverein."

John Cockerill

The famous son of William Cockerill, built a large industrial enterprise in Liège where it became a center for the gathering and transmitting of industrial information across Europe.

George Stephenson

The inventor of the Rocket, an effective locomotive first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 mph

Crystal Palace

The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece, it was made entirely of glass and iron

Iron Law of Wages

Theory proposed by economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above subsistence level

How did the governments of continental Europe support industrialization?

They enacted tariff protections and bore the cost of building infrastructure, stimulating the development of heavy industry

What role did banks play in supporting development on the continent?

They enjoyed limited liability, which attracted new investors

What advantages did European countries possess that helped them respond to competition from Britain?

They had skilled artisans and experienced capitalists, they could borrow British technologies, and they had strong, independent governments

Why did Britain prevent workers from leaving Britain?

To protect trade secrets and technology

Why was the steam engine invented?

To replace the othersome and expensive animal power that drained waterlogged coal mines

How was energy produced before the Industrial Revolution?

Use of wind and water mills, animal and human labor, and the burning of wood did not produce much energy

Essay on the Principle of Population

Written by Thomas Malthus, it argued that the constant effort of in the population beyond the means of subsistence prevents people's lives from improving - Disease and famine would check population growth

Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in Britain?

1. A vibrant scientific and enlightenment culture - Technology 2. Agressive mercantilist policies - Mercantilism 3. Agricultural technologies and enclosure laws - Agriculture 4. Rich natural resources and canals - Geography 5. Agressive domestic taxes and tariffs on imported goods - Policy Government policy Raw materials Economical aggression Availible workforce Technology

Steam Engine

A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the earlier models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769

Spinning jenny

A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765

Water frame

A spinning machine created by Richard Arwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more especialized mill - a factory

Industrial Revolution

A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late 18th century

How did the adoption of industrial techniques in eastern and southern Europe change overall European per capita levels of industrialization?

All western states, including the U.S., were able to raise the industrial capacity in the 19th century, in contrast with the decline of the east in production

Henry Cort

Developed the puddling furnace and steam-powered rolling mills

Factory Acts

English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements

How did labor in British Families change during the 18th century?

Family member shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages

How did Britain's industrial output change between 1750 and 1860?

It produced 20 percent of all the world's goods in 1860, whereas it only produced 2 percent of the rotal in 1750

Why were families hired in units?

It was usually at the request of families

How did trade developments in the U.S., Britain, and western Europe affect other countries around the world?

Many territories underwent a process of deindustrialization due to imperialism and economic competition

How did rapid population growth affect industrial development?

More people meant a more mobile labor force, with many young workers ready and willing to go wher the jobs were

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Raliroads reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping. Markets became broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines

Matthew Boulton

Started a firm with James Watt who provided Watt with capital and salesmanship skills, making the steam engine a commercial success