CH. 21 Genetics
stem cell interest
- can help us understand the basic genetic mechanisms that underlie the process of development - they offer the potential to treat human diseases or injuries that cause cell and tissue damage - rare in adults (1 in 10k bone marrow)
Ti plasmid modifications
- genes that cause gall tumors deleted - selectable marker genes are inserted - unique restriction sites are added for convenient insertion of any gene
biological control agents
1. non-pathogen and pathogen competition 2. microorganism toxin production
A. tumefaciens
A bacterium that naturally infects plants causing crown gall tumors - carries ti plasmid - doesn't affect all plant species
gene knockin
a gene addition which a gene of interest has been added to a particular site (usually noncritical) in a genome
recombination
allows for the integration of genes introduced into plant and animal cells
electroporation
an electric current is used to create transient pores in the plasma membrane through which DNA can enter
transgenic
an organism that has received genetic material from a different species is called transgenic
totipotent
cells like fertilized eggs that can give rise to all cell types
pluipotent
cells that can differentiate into almost every cell, but cannot give rise to an entire, intact individual
multipotent
cells that can differentiate into several cell types
unipotent
cells that can only differentiate into one cell type
insulin sources
cows & pigs, human cadavers
embryonic germ cells
derived from aborted fetuses
embryonic stem cells
derived from unused embryos from in vitro fertilization
round-up resistance
example of a transgenic plant trait
transgenic species
fish, sheep, pigs, goats, and cattle
Dolly
fist cloned mammal from mammalian somatic cells by Ian Wilmut in 1997
T-DNA
from A. tumefaciens can be used as a vector to introduce cloned genes into plants
insulin-dependent
have a defect in their beta cells and cannot synthesize enough insulin
gene replacement
homologous recombination, can lead to a gene knockout if a defective copy replaces a good copy
gene knockout
if the cloned gene during gene replacement is rendered inactive by mutation
gene therapy
introduction of cloned genes into living cells in an attempt to cure diseases - involves the introduction of cloned genes into human cells research is aimed at: - alleviating inherited disease - treating diseases (cancer, heart disease, etc) - combating infectious diseases (AIDS)
nonviral approach
liposome technique most common and uses lipid vesicles
reproductive cloning
methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals - easier in plants
mircoinjection
microscopic-sized needles are used to inject DNA into the cells
viral approach
most common are retroviruses, adenoviruses, and parvoviruses
gene additon
nonhomologous recombination
GMO
organisms that have received genetic material via recombinant DNA technology
molecular pharming
production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock
insulin
regulates several physiological processes, partially the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells - produced by beta cells of the pancreas - a hormone composed of two polypeptide chains (A & B chains)
biolistic gene transfer
second most common way to produce transgenic plants - a gene gun is used to shoot DNA-coated micro-projectiles into the cells
induced pluripotent cells
stem cells from adults, less controversial
stem cells
supply the cells that construct the body from a fertilized egg - in adults > replenish damaged cells 1. can divide 2. can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types
biotechnology
technologies that involve the use of living organisms, or their products, to benefit humans - began about 12,000 years ago when humans began to domesticate animals and plants for food production
oil-eating
the first patented organism for bioremediation - hasn't had much success
gene redundancy
the phenomenon in which an inactive gene is compensated for by another gene with a similar function
biological control
the use of microorganisms or their products to alleviate plant problems
bioremediation
the use of microorganisms to reduce environment pollutants - enzymes produced by a microorganism transform the structure of toxic pollutant - less or nontoxic metabolites - petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, herbicides, organic solvents, heavy metals
mid-1990s
when genetically modified plants began being used