Ch 22 Mastering

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are

IgD

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

IgE

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are

IgM

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T cells

Steps in antigen presentation include which of these?

a. Antigens are digested. b. Phagocytic antigen-presenting cells engulf pathogens. c. Antigen fragments appear on the antigen-presenting cell's surface.

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called

agglutination

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?

all nucleated cells - nucleated body cells bring pieces of endogenous proteins to the surface to display on the MHC protein.

Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called

allergens

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an

antigen

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?

antigen-presenting cells

In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must

bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface

All of the following are characteristics of adaptive defenses except a. tolerance. b. versatility. c. present at birth. d. memory. e. specificity.

c

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?

class II MHC proteins present antigens that originated from outside the cell (phagocytized extracellular pathogens)

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

complement

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.

cytotoxic T

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except a. stimulation of inflammation. b. chemotaxis. c. destruction of target cell plasma membranes. d. inhibition of the immune response. e. opsonization.

d

The lymphatic system does all of the following except a. helps maintain normal blood volume. b. fights infection. c. eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. d. transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. e. transports lipids from the digestive tract.

d

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both external and internal threats.

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except a. movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. b. swelling of the inflamed tissue. c. heat of the inflamed tissue. d. redness of the inflamed tissue. e. chemotaxis of phagocytes.

e

Lymph nodes do all of the following except a. remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. b. produce antibodies through B cells. c. accumulate cancer cells. d. monitor the contents of lymph. e. remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

e

Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells.

helper T

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.

helper T

Which class of T lymphocyte is killed by the AIDS virus?

helper T

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

helper T cells

Which of the following is NOT an effect of glucocorticoid secretion on the effectiveness of the immune response?

increased interferon activity

Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called

interleukins

The lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is

lymph nodes

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin

What feature do lymphatic vessels share with veins that allows lymph to flow in only one direction?

valves

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.

B

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?

CD8

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?

CD8 cells

Helper T cells do all of the following except a. attract macrophages to the affected area. b. trigger B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production. c. provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen. d. enhance nonspecific defenses. e. enhance production of memory and cytotoxic T cells.

c

Interferons a. prevent viruses from leaving a cell. b. reduce macrophage chemotaxis to the infection. c. interfere with viral replication. d. prevent viruses from entering a cell. e. bind to viruses and destroy them.

c

Stress suppresses the immune response through the action of __________.

glucocorticoids

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

phagocytes

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.

plasma

Innate defenses include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells b. production of antibodies c. fever d. phagocytes

production of antibodies

Lymph fluid enters the venous circulation via the

subclavian veins