CH 22 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen? A. 20% to 25% B. 5% to 10% C. 70% to 85% D. 30% to 40% E. 10% to 15%

A 20% to 25%

About how much air is in the anatomic dead space? A. 150mL B. 2500mL C. 1200mL D. 4800mL

A 150 mL

which type of lung cancer originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria? A. adeno-carcinoma B. small-cell (oat cell) carcinoma C. squamous cell carcinoma

A adeno-carcinoma

Terminal bronchioles divide into (in the correct order)... A. Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac B. Alveolar duct, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar sac C. Alveolar duct, alveolar sac, respiratory bronchiole D. Alveolar sac, alveolar duct, respiratory bronchiole

A respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac

Elevation of the ribs increases thoracic cavity... A. Width B. Length C. Depth D. Pressure

A width

A blood pH of 7.55 is called ______. A. acidosis B. alkalosis

B alkalosis

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane? A. Ventilation B. Alveolar gas exchange C. Cellular respiration D. Systemic gas exchange

B alveolar gas exchange

The respiratory division of the respiratory system includes which of the following? A. Larynx B. Alveoli C. Pharynx D. Nostrils

B alveoli

Which are components of the lower respiratory tract? A. Nasal cavity B. Bronchi C. Trachea D. Alveoli E. Larynx F. Pharynx

B bronchi C trachea D alveoli

Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing? A. Hyperpnea B. Apnea C. Eupnea D. Tachypnea

C eupnea

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells? A. Cellular respiration B. Alveolar gas exchange C. Systemic gas exchange D. Ventilation

C systemic gas exchange

Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air? A. An increase in membrane thickness B. A decrease in nitrogen solubility C. An increase in alveolar surface area D. An increase in respiratory rate E. A decrease in membrane thickness

A an increase in membrane thickness

Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange? A. Anatomical dead space B. Physiological dead space C. Expiratory reserve volume D. Forced expiratory volume

A anatomical dead space

The majority of CO2 in the blood is carried as ______ A bicarbonate ion B dissolved gas C chloride shift

A bicarbonate ion

Where are the respiratory control centers located? A. Brainstem B. Cerebellum C. Cerebrum D. Corpus callosum

A brainstem

The combination of carbon dioxide and protein known as ____ is abbreviated to HbCO2 A. carbaminohemoglobin B. carbonic anhydrase C. chloride shift

A carbaminohemoglobin

Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases? A. Dalton's B. Valsalva's C. Henry's D. Charles's E. Boyle's

A dalton's law

Less than 10% of CO2 is transported as ____ A dissolved gas B bicarbonate ion C carbonic anhydrase

A dissolved gas

Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation? A. Erythrocyte count B. Thyroid hormone C. Low pH D. Fever E. Epinephrine

A erythrocyte count

Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue? A. hypoxia B. hypoxemia C. hypocapnia D. cyanosis

A hypoxia

Which factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? Select all that apply. A. Increased temperature B. Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC C. Decreased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC D. Decreased temperature

A increased temperature B increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC

Which factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? Select all that apply. A. Increased temperature B. Decreased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC C. Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC D. Decreased temperature

A increased temperature C increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the __________. A. inspiratory reserve volume B. expiratory reserve volume C. residual volume D. inspiratory capacity E. vital capacity

A inspiratory reserve volume

Which two factors facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues? Select two answers from the list below. A. Lower PO2 in tissue fluid B. Cooler temperatures C. Binding of protons to hemoglobin D. Active transport of O2 out of the blood stream

A lower PO2 in tissue fluid C binding of protons to hemoglobin

The trachea, primary bronchi and the alveolar sacs all belong to which of the following? A. Lower respiratory tract B. Conducting division C. Upper respiratory tract D. Respiratory division

A lower respiratory tract

More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______. A. lungs B. spleen C. liver D. pancreas

A lungs

At the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries... A. The PO2 is higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli B. The PO2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli C. The PO2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli D. The PO2 is higher at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is lower in the alveoli than in the capillaries

C the PO2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life? A. The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes. B. The ambient Po2 can support life that long. C. There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood. D. There is reserve oxygen in Tom's lungs. E. Tom's hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.

C there is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood

Emotional states are integrated by the __________, which generates an output that creates such respiratory variations as laughing and crying. A. TRG B. DRG C. SRG D. VRG E. PRG

E PRG

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below. A. Sternocleidomastoid B. Rectus abdominis C. Scalenes D. Pectoralis major and minor E. Diaphragm F. Intercostals

E diaphragm F intercostals

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli? A. Collapsed lung B. Atelectasis C. Pulmonary hemosiderosis D. Cor pulmonale E. Emphysema

E emphysema

Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells? A. Primary bronchus B. Trachea C. Terminal bronchiole D. Nasal cavity E. Larygopharynx

E larygopharynx

The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the ________. A. trachea B. lungs C. pharynx D. alveoli E. larynx

E larynx

As the diaphragm relaxes, it is depressed (moves inferiorly). True or false

FALSE

PCO2 is relatively high in the alveoli and is relatively low in the blood. True or false

FALSE

Despite a small partial pressure gradient from the gas of aveoli to the blood, we know that carbon dioxide is capable of rapid diffusion due to its high solubility Henry's Law Dalton's Law Charles's Law Boyle's Law

Henry's

_____ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.

acidosis

Blood pH increases decreases or increases respiratory rate?

decreases respiratory rate

blood levels of hydrogen ions decrease decreases or increases respiratory rate?

decreases respiratory rate

For a given PO2, hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at ____ temperatures lower higher

higher

arterial PO2 drops below 60 mm Hg decreases or increases respiratory rate?

increases respiratory rate

blood levels of hydrogen ions increase decreases or increases respiratory rate?

increases respiratory rate

blood pH decreases decreases or increases respiratory rate?

increases respiratory rate

Elevated temperature and a drop in pH will shift the dissociate curve to the ___ right left

right

During volume changes in the thoracic cavity, what is primarily responsible for changes in length?

the diaphragm

In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen? A. 30% to 40% B. 20% to 25% C. 10% to 15% D. 5% to 10% E. 70% to 85%

B 20% to 25%

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to ________ oxygen molecules. A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 3 E. 5

B 4

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________ oxygen molecules. A. 2 B. 4 C. 5 D. 3 E. 6

B 4

The ability to CO2 to bind deoxygenated hemoglobin more readily than it binds oxyhemoglobin is referred to as the ___ effect. A chloride shift B Haldane C carbonic anhydrase

B Haldane

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35? A. Alkalosis B. Acidosis C. Apnea D. Anemia

B acidosis

The reaction between CO2 and H20 to H2CO3 is catalyzed by ____ A. dissolved gas B. carbonic anhydrase C. carbaminohemoglobin

B carbonic anhydrase

Which is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by damaged and immobilized respiratory cilia, excessive mucus secretion, infection of the lower respiratory tract, and bronchial inflammation? A. SARS B. Chronic bronchitis C. Nasal polyps D. Chronic pharyngitis

B chronic bronchitis

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow? A. Erector spinae B. Diaphragm C. Intercostal muscles D. Scalene muscles

B diaphragm

What are the most numerous cells in the lungs? A. Mucosal cells B. Dust cells C. Type I alveolar cells D. Vibrissal cells E. Type II alveolar cells

B dust cells

The addition of CO 2 to the blood generates ________ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen. A. nitrogen B. hydrogen C. potassium D. chloride E. sodium

B hydrogen

The addition of CO2 to the blood generates __________ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen. A. nitrogen B. hydrogen C. potassium D. chloride E. sodium

B hydrogen

Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers? A. Corpora quadrigemina B. Pons C. Medulla oblongata D. Fornix

B pons C. medulla oblongata

AKA the tertiary bronchus A lobar bronchus B. segmental bronchus

B segmental bronchus

Which type of lung cancer originates in the main bronchi but invades mediastinum and metastasizes quickly? A. adeno-carcinoma B. small-cell (oat cell) carcinoma C. squamous cell carcinoma

B small-cell (oat cell) carcinoma

We know that the volume of intrapulmonary gas is lower following expiration due to the increased pressure of the thoracic cavity Henry's Law Dalton's Law Charles's Law Boyle's Law

Boyle's

How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule? A. 6 B. 5 C. 4 D. 1 E. 2

C 4

An average tidal volume is about ______ mL of air. A. 1200 B. 100 C. 500 D. 4600

C 500

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? A. Control of pH B. Helps regulate blood pressure C. Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators D. Promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood E. Aids in defecation

C assists in the synthesis of vasodilators

The ranking from highest to lowest PO2 in the area of the arterial ends of the tissue capillaries is... A. Tissue fluid, capillaries, cells B. Cells, tissue fluid, capillaries C. Capillaries, tissue fluid, cells D. Cells, capillaries, tissue fluid

C capillaries, tissue fluid, cells

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide? A. Hemoglobinase B. Carboxyhemoglobinase C. Carbonic anhydrase D. Carbaminoreductase E. Bisphosphoglycerase

C carbonic anhydrase

The ____ is an anion exchange that takes place in red blood cells as a mechanism to transport bicarbonate ion out of the cell A dissolved gas B. bicarbonate ion C. chloride shift

C chloride shift

What are the most numerous cells in the lungs? A. Mucosal cells B. Vibrissal cells C. Dust cells D. Type II alveolar cells E. Type I alveolar cells

C dust cells

Which of the following is not involved in inspiration? A. Contraction of the diaphragm B. Elevation of the ribs C. Elastic recoil of the lungs D. Movement of the sternum anteriorly

C elastic recoil of the lungs

Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below. A. Dyspnea B. Pulmonary edema C. Emphysema D. Chronic bronchitis

C emphysema D chronic bronchitis

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the _________. A. tongue B. oral cavity C. epiglottis D. lips E. pharynx

C epiglottis

Guards the superior entrance to the larynx A. trachea B. esophogus C. epiglottis

C epiglottis

Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation? A. Low pH B. Epinephrine C. Erythrocyte count D. Fever E. Thyroid hormone

C erythrocyte count

Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______. A. reflexive coughing B. apnea C. expiration D. inspiration

C expiration

Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side? A. Right segmental bronchus B. Right lobar bronchus C. Left main bronchus D. Left segmental bronchus E. Right main bronchus

C left main bronchus

Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air? A. Water vapor B. Carbon dioxide C. Nitrogen D. Oxygen E. Carbon monoxide

C nitrogen

which type of lung cancer originated in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium? A. adeno-carcinoma B. small-cell (oat cell) carcinoma C. squamous cell carcinoma

C squamous cell carcinoma

Type I alveolar cells are... A. Squamous secretory B. Cuboidal epithelial C. Squamous epithelial D. Columnar epithelial

C squamous epithelial

At the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries... A. The PCO2 is higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli B. The PCO2 is higher at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is lower in the alveoli than in the capillaries C. The PCO2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli D. The PCO2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli

C the PCO2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life? A. There is reserve oxygen in Tom's lungs. B. The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes. C. There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood. D. The ambient PO2 can support life that long. E. Tom's hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.

C there is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood

Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing? A. Expiratory reserve volume B. Inspiratory reserve volume C. Tidal volume D. Residual volume

C tidal volume

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration? A. Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, and air flows toward higher pressure regions. B. Pressure is the same in the atmosphere and in the lungs. C. Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area. D. Resistance increases in the lungs during inspiration, and air always takes the pathway with the greatest resistance.

C. Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

We know that a known volume of air entering the lungs increases when its temperature is increased by the respiratory mucosae Henry's Law Dalton's Law Charles's Law Boyle's Law

Charles's

Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a Po2 of ________ mm Hg, a Pco2 of ________ mm Hg, and a pH of ________. A. 40; 95; 7.4 B. 40; 7.4; 95 C. 95; 7.4; 40 D. 95; 40; 7.4 E. 7.4; 40; 95

D 95; 40; 7.4

Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases? A. Boyle's B. Charles's C. Henry's D. Dalton's E. Valsalva's

D Dalton's

Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what? A. Dyspnea B. Orthopnea C. Tachypnea D. Kussmaul respiration E. Hyperpnea

D Kussmaul respiration

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow? A. Contraction of the diaphragm B. Respiratory rate C. Quantity of surfactant D. Bronchiole diameter E. Atmospheric pressure

D bronchiole diameter

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum? A. Atelectasis B. Oat-cell carcinoma C. Emphysema D. Chronic bronchitis E. Asthma

D chronic bronchitis

Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following? A. Gagging B. Yawning C. Laughing D. Coughing E. Hiccuping

D coughing

Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange? A. Pneumonia B. Asthma C. Bronchitis D. Emphysema

D emphysema

How is the vital capacity calculated? A. Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume B. Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume C. Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume D. Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume E. Respiratory volume + tidal volume

D expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory volume

The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the ___________. A. pons B. ventral respiratory group C. pontine respiratory group D. medulla oblongata E. dorsal respiratory group

D medulla oblongata

The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood, which (as this graph illustrates) facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect? A. Less oxygen dissolves in the blood at high altitude. B. Airflow and blood flow are matched to maximize the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs. C. More oxygen is unloaded in the alveoli. D. More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates.

D more oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates

Which of the following is not part of the lower respiratory tract? A. Trachea B. Larynx C. Bronchi D. Pharynx

D pharynx

Which best summarizes the Bohr effect? A. Excessive inflation of the lungs will temporarily inhibit the I neurons and stop inspiration. B. The rate of CO2 loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues. C. More O2 will dissolve in the blood at higher pressures. D. The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.

D the rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity

Knowing that the total pressure of three gases (A, B, C) is equal to 10 mmHg, we can calculate the partial pressure of C provided we know that PA= 6 mmHg, and PB=1 mmHg Henry's Law Dalton's Law Charles's Law Boyle's Law

Dalton's

Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition? A. A Bohr effect B. A pneumothorax C. Atelectasis D. Adult respiratory distress syndrome E. Ondine's curse

E ondine's curse

Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition? A. Rapture of the deep B. Caisson disease C. Hypoxemic hypoxia D. The bends E. Oxygen toxicity

E oxygen toxicity

Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to __________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration. A. the diaphragm B. the cerebral cortex C. the cerebellum D. the vagus nerve E. spinal integration centers

E spinal integration center

In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis? A. Pneumothorax B. Rhinitis C. Dyspnea D. Pneumonia E. Tuberculosis

E tuberculosis

During inspiration thoracic cavity volume increases. True or false

TRUE

For a given PO2, hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at lower pH. True or false

TRUE

Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by Type II alveolar cells. True or false

TRUE

True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

TRUE

At a given PO2l, hemoglobin also unloads more oxygen at a ____ pH lower higher

lower

A shift in the curve to the right promotes an increased rate of oxygen ____ loading unloading

unloading