Ch. 24 & 26

b

A "snow"-life appearance on the digital image means that: a) a sufficient amount of kVp was used b) electronic noise is evident in that image. c) the image has high signal-to-noise ratio d) an aliasing artifact is present

independant

A device used for short- and long term storage; redundant array of _ disks

magnification

A one-word term for size distortion

c

An advantage of PACS is that it allows images to be: a) stored in hard copy format b) saved to prevent image manipulation after exposure c) sent to several workstations and monitors simultaneously d) created using film and automatic processing

pixelated

An image may appear this way on a monitor when the image is so magnified that individual pixels can be seen

a

Any unwanted component of a radiographic image is called an: a) artifact b) fog c) aliasing d) pixilation

artifact

Any unwanted component on a radiograph

a

Besides using an increased OID, the digital image can be made to appear magnified on a monitor. This can also cause the image to: a) lose spatial resolution and appear pixelated b) appear with higher contrast and reduced gray scale c) appear distorted and elongated d) be inadequately penetrated and mottled

d

Data compression: a) results in faster processing b) produces faster transmission times c) requires less storage space d) does all of the above

DICOM

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine

c

For interpretation purposes, the workstation used by the radiologist should be at least _ for image viewing. a) 1,024 pixels b) 1 megapixels c) 2 megapixels d) 10 kilopixels

penetration

Higher kVp settings ensures adequate _.

a

If a facility initially only sets up a mini-PACS this means that: a) the network may be limited to only one modality b) the workstations are designed for shorter technologists c) the workstations are mobile, allowing greater department flexibility d) the network will have no archival ability

b

If graininess appears on an image, the most appropriate item to check in the list below is the: a) kVp setting b) image monitor c) bucky tray d) grid frequency

b

If it is found that a network device is not DICOM-compatible, this would most likely result in: a) artifacts on the image b) network malfunction c) excessive file sizes d) HL7 compliance

c

If the CR is placed so that it is not directed through the center of the anatomy, the radiographic image evaluation criteria most affected will be: a) image noise b) image contrast c) shape distortion d) spatial resolution

c

If the sampling rate is the same as the line pairs resolution of the IP: a) spatial resolution reaches its peak b) scanning will occur twice c) aliasing artifacts may occur d) no image will result b/c the image signal and the electronic signal will cancel each other out

c

If the signal-to-noise ratio is less than optimal, what becomes more apparent on the images? a) moire effect b) shape distortion c) image graininess d) loss of contrast resolution

c

If the technologist fails to detent the x-ray tube to the bucky or detector, which of the following is likely to occur? a) excessive patient dose b) excessive pixel brightness c) clipped anatomy of interest d) a nonexposed or blank image

c

Image visualization is optimized when: a) pixel brightness is set to a scale of black and white b) penetration and kVp are minimal c) at least 8LP/mm is resolved d) SNR settings are in the 100:1-22:1 range

alignment

In order to avoid shape distortion or clipping anatomy, the technologist must ensure tube and bucky _

b

In order to preserve spatial resolution, the preferred compression method is: a) lossy b) lossless c) RAID-based d) interfaced with an SSL

d

Long-term storage of image's is accomplished by which method? a) optical disk b) magnetic disk c) ultra density optical disks d) each can be used based on the needs of the facility

c

Moire effect is more likely to occur when using which types of imaging equipment? 1. CR reader 2. Mobile x-ray unit 3. Grids a) 1, 2 b) 1, 3 c) 2, 3 d) 1, 2, 3

b

Moire effect is more likely to occur when: a) the bucky tray is not pushed in completely b) they Nyquist frequency matches parallel grid lines c) no collimation is present d) the CR is off from the IR in a superior direction

d

Of the following which cannot be transmitted through a PACS? a) digital projection images b) analog fluoroscopy images c) digitally reconstruction CR images d) photostimulable storage phosphor images

compression

Process of reducing an image's file size

d

Quantum mottle formation depends on: a) the K-shell absorption of the IR b) tube-bucky alignment c) the spatial resolution d) the number of x-rays interacting with the IR

nyquist

Refers to the sampling frequency of a CR reader, _ frequency

image contrast

Should be balanced with gray scale

true

T/4 When patient demographics are entered into the computer system, it is crucial that the patient's name is spelled exactly the same for each instance.

false

T/F It is best to annotate the right or left side after the exposure.

true

T/F It would be appropriate for a QC technologist to use a higher resolution monitor while performing his/her duties.

false

T/F The type of monitor and how it is configured is of no concern when implementing a PACS in a medical imaging department.

true

T/F To obtain maximum visualization of detail, it is necessary to have a balanced gray scale within the image.

c

The DICOM standard was developed for which purpose? a) consistency in the computerized diagnostic process for mammography b) radiographic image quality and consistency c) compatibility between medical systems that store information d) compatibility between analog systems and computerized imaging systems

b

The Moire artifact is caused when the _ rate in lp/mm is the same as the linear resolution of the image plate. a) reading b) sampling c) scanning

d

The SNR for a digital fluoroscopy display screen is: a) 300:1 b) 500:1 c) 1,000:1 d) 250:1

compatible

The ability of each vendor's devices to interface with each other in the network; DICOM-_

a

The compression ratio below that is the most likely to allow an image to still be diagnostic after compressing and sending it through PACS is: a) 2:1 b) 10:1 c) 50:1 d) 100:1

d

The greater the number of x-ray photons that strike the IR: a) greater the electronic noise b) better the penetration c) lower the pt. dose d) higher the signal-to-noise ratio

brightness

The image evaluation criteria that states that each pixel should display an intermediate shade of gray, pixel _.

information

The network that functions within the medical imaging department; encompasses PACS, reports, and billing; radiology _ system

medical record

The patient's entire health documentation in network-ready format; electronic _

c

The patient's full EMR would most likely be found in the: a) ACR b) PACS c) HIS d) TCP/IP

Arhcives

The portion of PACS responsible for storing the image

signal-to-noise

The preferred value digital fluoro for this type of ratio is 500:1

d

The preferred workstation viewing device of those listed below is an: a) CRT b) TCP/IP c) MOD d) LCD

mega pixels

The radiologist's monitor must meet this standard of 2 _

c

The recommended SNR for a CRT used for digital imaging is: a) 1:1 b) 1:500 c) 1,000:1 d) 10:1

work list

The schedule of patients and the exams they are due to have; generated by the image manager

a

The set of computer standards used to permit a wide range of digital imaging systems to ensure that images taken at one facility are able to viewed correctly at another facility is termed: a) DICOM b) PACS c) PSP d) TFT

d

The source of electronic noise on a digital imaging system is: a) electrons b) scatter radiation c) the original signal d) inadequate exposure to the IR

electronic

The type of noise that is inherent in digital imaging systems due to the movement of electrons

spatial

They type of resolution must be 8 lp/mm for optimum image quality

mottle

This artifact becomes apparent of SNR's are too low

e

This display workstation technologists' use has which components? a) 1 Mp monitor b) Keyboard for text c) Mouse d) a and b e) a, b, and c

moire

This type of artifact is caused by grids: _ effect

aliasing

Type of artifact due to the scanning frequency too closely aligning with the grid frequency

lossy

Type of compression that is irreversible in terms of image quality

d

What does the acronym PACS stand for? a) Picture access computer system b) Permanent access communication system c) Permanent archival computer system d) Picture archiving and communication system

a

What information could be found in the DICOM header of an image? 1. Patient name 2. Date of procedure 3. Position of patient a) 1, 2 b) 1, 3 c) 2, 3 d) 1, 2, 3

d

When would a technologist typically query the archive using the image manager? a) to initiate the image compression process b) to locate the patient and verify his/her identifiers c) to check the latest HL7 standards in the US d) to retrieve any previous exams

c

Which of the following does not have to be checked on an image to ensure it is diagnostic? a) shape distortion b) adequate penetration c) CR reader used d) pixel brightness

a

Which of the following has/have no effect on spatial resolution? a) exposure index values b) motion c) monitor quality d) lp/mm

c

Which of the following is not a function or responsibility of a HIS? a) responsible for transmitting patient EMR's using HL7 standards b) must be compatible with PACS and HIS c) troubleshoots & calibrates image monitors d) provides access to lab tests, medical images, and physician notes

d

Which of the following items or criteria should be checked for on all digital images to ensure that the images are diagnostic in quality? 1. Artifacts 2. Pixel Brightness 3. Exposure Index Values a) 1, 2 b) 1, 3 c) 2, 3 d) 1, 2, 3

b

Which of the following situations could result in clipping anatomy in the superior or inferior portion of the IR? a) failing to detent b) not aligning the bucky tray with the CR c) angling the CR caudally d) increasing the field size

b

Which of the following would result in increased signal-to-noise ratios and reduced patient doses overall? a) using larger fields sizes b) setting higher kVp techniques c) Moire effect d) setting higher mAs values

c

Which technical factor setting ensures proper penetration of the anatomical part? a) high mAs b) low Kvp c) high kVp d) low mAs

a

Why is a low signal-to-noise ratio not preferred? a) because it is accompanied by high noise levels, which obscure soft tissue detail b) the low SNR demonstrates a balanced level of gray scale in the image. c) it will result in a Moire artifact.

b

Why is it important to remove the IV lines and oxygen tubes from the exposure field? a) to ensure that the image processing is not halted b) it keeps them from obscuring anatomy and/or pathology c) they create artificial brightness and gray scale on the image d) they can become entangled during the scanning and injure the patient

spatial resolution

affected by focal spot size

pixel brightness

all pixel levels of gray should be visible

artifacts

no foreign object should be visible

size distortion

occurs when OID is changed